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ETA 4: REPRODUCTION > 11: Malignancies of the Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

11: Malignancies of the Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of Vulva Carcinoma? (2 things)

A
  1. Pre-menopausal:
    * HPV (mainly types 16 & 18)
  2. Older women:
  • Chronic irritation
  • Long standing dermatomes
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2
Q

What are the clinical presentations of Vulva Carcinomas?

A

Keratonic + Warty + Ulcerated lesions

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3
Q

How are Vulva Carcinomas spread? (2 things)

A
  1. Locally
  2. Metastasis to inguinal lymph nodes
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4
Q

What is the cause of Cervix Carcinomas? (3 steps)

A
  1. HPV (types 16 & 18) → produces pre-malignant condition: CIN (Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia)
  2. CIN I → CIN III

(Well differentiated → poorly differentiated and more likely to invade)

  1. CIN III → can progress to form Cervical Carcinoma
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5
Q

What do Cervical Carcinomas cause? (3 things)

A
  1. Cervical expansion
  2. Ulceration
  3. Nodular formation
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6
Q

What are the clinical presentations of Cervix Carcinoma? (3 things)

A

Bleeding @:

  1. Post-coital (after sex)
  2. Inter-menopaue
  3. Post-menopause
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7
Q

How are Cervix Carcinomas spread? (2 things)

A
  1. Internally → iliac & aortic lymph nodes
  2. Locally:
  • Uterus
  • Bladder
  • Rectum
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8
Q

How often are women screened for Cervical Tumours?

A

Ages 25-50: Every 3 years

Ages 50-65: Every 5 years

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9
Q

When is a women referred for a colposcopy after screening?

A

If there are:

  1. Screening abnormalities
  2. HPV +ve
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10
Q

What doe colposcopy determine?

A

If they are CIN I - III

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11
Q

What are the aims of Cervical screening?

A

To detect pre-invasive conditions and excise it before tumour develops

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12
Q

How is abnormal tissue excised?

A

Diathermy (loop biopsy)

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of Ovarian Carcinomas?

A

Precursor: No real symptoms

Presents late in life with:

  • Ascites
  • Obstruction
  • Perforation
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14
Q

What is a Germ Cell Tumour?

A

Benign / malignant Ovarian Carcinoma

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15
Q

What is the most common type of Germ Cell Tumour? (Ovarian Carcinoma)

A

Dermoid Cyst

  • Benign cystic teratoma
  • Hair / teeth / bone cyst in ovary
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16
Q

What are some malignant Germ Cell Tumours? (Ovarian Carcinomas) (2 things)

A
  1. Dysgerminoma
  2. Yolk sac tumour
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17
Q

What do some ovarian neoplasms produce?

A

Oestrogen / androgens

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18
Q

What are the different types of Epithelial Ovarian Tumours? (5 things)

A
  1. Serous
  2. Mucinous
  3. Endometrioid
  4. Clear cell
  5. Brenner (transitional cells)

Can all be benign / malignant

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19
Q

What can Epithelial Ovarian Tumours metastasise to? (2 things)

A

Genital: Endometrial Cancer

Extragenital: Colonic / Gastric / Breast Cancer

20
Q

What are the types of Uterus tumours? (2 things)

A
  1. Fibroids (aka Leiomyomas): Benign
  2. Leiomyosarcoma: Malignant
21
Q

What are the features of Fibroid (leiomyomas) (uterus) tumours? (2 things)

A
  1. Affects uterine SM
  2. Oestrogen dependant
22
Q

What do Fibroid (leiomyomas) (uterus) tumours present as? (2 things)

A
  1. Heavy / painful periods
  2. Infertility
23
Q

When and why do Fibroid (leimyomas) (uterus) tumours regress?

A

After menopause

Because oestrogen dependant

24
Q

What do Leiomyosarcomas (malignant uterus cancer) infiltrate?

A
  1. Locally
  2. Metastasise to Lungs (via blood)
25
Q

What are some Gestational Tumour types? (2 things)

A
  1. Hydatidiform mole
  2. Choriocarcinoma
26
Q

What is a Hydatidiform mole?

A

Oedema of placental chorionic villi

Big uterus / placenta

27
Q

What are Hydatidiform moles caused by?

A

Chromosomal defects in conceptus → oedema of placental chorionic villi

28
Q

What can Hydatidiform mole tumours do? (2 things)

A
  1. Persist / invade / metastasise
  2. Develop into Choriocarcinoma
29
Q

What are Choriocarcinomas? (2 points)

A
  1. Malignant tumours of placenta
  2. Composed of:
    * Syncytiotrophoblast & Cytotrophoblast WITHOUT villus
30
Q

What is the most common type of Testicular tumour?

A

Germ Cell Tumours (90%)

31
Q

What are some Testicular Germ Cell Tumours? (2 things)

A
  1. Seminomas
  2. Embryonal Carcinomas
32
Q

What is the histology of a Seminoma (Testicular Germ Cell Tumour)? (3 things)

A
  1. Homogenous (uniform)
  2. Large vacuolated cells
  3. Lymphocyte rich stroma
33
Q

What is the histology of an Embryonal carcinoma?

A

ONLY has pleomorphic cells (different in size / shape)

34
Q

What are some Non-Germ Cell Testicular Tumours? (2 things)

A
  1. Sertoli cell tumours (benign)
  2. Leydig cell tumours (benign)
35
Q

What are Sertoli cells? (2 points)

A
  1. Cells lining Seminal tubules
  2. Provide support to maturing germ cells
36
Q

What is the histology of a Sertoli cell tumour (benign non-germ cell testicular tumour)

A

Vacuolated cell

37
Q

What are Leydig cells? (2 points)

A
  1. Cells surrounding Seminiferous tubules
  2. Produce testosterone in presence of LH
38
Q

What are the 3 zones in the prostate gland?

A
  1. Peripheral
  2. Transitional
  3. Central
39
Q

What happens to the Transitional Zone of the prostage gland with age?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia → compresses urethra

40
Q

What is a Prostatic Adenocarcinoma?

A

Malignant tumour arising in Peripheral Zone of Prostate gland

41
Q

Where can a Prostatic Adenocarcinoma metastasise to? (4 things)

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Bone
  3. Liver
  4. Lungs
42
Q

In which group of men are Penile Carcinomas more common?

A

Uncircumcised men

43
Q

What are Penile Carcinomas associated with?

A

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections

44
Q

What is the histology of a Penile carcinoma? (2 points)

A
  1. Squamous cell Carcinoma
  2. Can invade corpora cavernosa
45
Q

Where can Penile carcinomas metastasise to?

A

Inguinal lymph nodes

ETA 4: REPRODUCTION (10 decks)

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