11: Malignancies of the Reproductive Tract Flashcards
What are the causes of Vulva Carcinoma? (2 things)
- Pre-menopausal:
* HPV (mainly types 16 & 18) - Older women:
- Chronic irritation
- Long standing dermatomes
What are the clinical presentations of Vulva Carcinomas?
Keratonic + Warty + Ulcerated lesions
How are Vulva Carcinomas spread? (2 things)
- Locally
- Metastasis to inguinal lymph nodes
What is the cause of Cervix Carcinomas? (3 steps)
- HPV (types 16 & 18) → produces pre-malignant condition: CIN (Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia)
- CIN I → CIN III
(Well differentiated → poorly differentiated and more likely to invade)
- CIN III → can progress to form Cervical Carcinoma
What do Cervical Carcinomas cause? (3 things)
- Cervical expansion
- Ulceration
- Nodular formation
What are the clinical presentations of Cervix Carcinoma? (3 things)
Bleeding @:
- Post-coital (after sex)
- Inter-menopaue
- Post-menopause
How are Cervix Carcinomas spread? (2 things)
- Internally → iliac & aortic lymph nodes
- Locally:
- Uterus
- Bladder
- Rectum
How often are women screened for Cervical Tumours?
Ages 25-50: Every 3 years
Ages 50-65: Every 5 years
When is a women referred for a colposcopy after screening?
If there are:
- Screening abnormalities
- HPV +ve
What doe colposcopy determine?
If they are CIN I - III
What are the aims of Cervical screening?
To detect pre-invasive conditions and excise it before tumour develops
How is abnormal tissue excised?
Diathermy (loop biopsy)
What are the symptoms of Ovarian Carcinomas?
Precursor: No real symptoms
Presents late in life with:
- Ascites
- Obstruction
- Perforation
What is a Germ Cell Tumour?
Benign / malignant Ovarian Carcinoma
What is the most common type of Germ Cell Tumour? (Ovarian Carcinoma)
Dermoid Cyst
- Benign cystic teratoma
- Hair / teeth / bone cyst in ovary
What are some malignant Germ Cell Tumours? (Ovarian Carcinomas) (2 things)
- Dysgerminoma
- Yolk sac tumour
What do some ovarian neoplasms produce?
Oestrogen / androgens
What are the different types of Epithelial Ovarian Tumours? (5 things)
- Serous
- Mucinous
- Endometrioid
- Clear cell
- Brenner (transitional cells)
Can all be benign / malignant