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POM Block 2 > 11 Lymphoid tissues > Flashcards

11 Lymphoid tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

Primary lymphoid organs

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2
Q

What is lymphopoieses?

A

Production of lymphocytes

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3
Q

Name 3 primary lymphoid organs

A
  • Thymus
  • Bone marrow
  • Foetal liver
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4
Q

Name 3 lymphocytes

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • NK cells
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5
Q

The adaptive immune response is comprised of

A

B cells and T cells

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6
Q

Two characteristics of the adaptive immune response

A
  • Specificity: vast range of unique T cell and B cell receptors
  • Memory: rapid expansion in response to secondary encounter
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7
Q

What is the primary site of haematopoiesis?

A

Bone marrow (non foetal)

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8
Q

Where is the B cell ‘repertoire’ generated?

A

Bone marrow

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9
Q

Where does final maturation occur?

A

Periphery (e.g. spleen)

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10
Q

Define repertoire

A

The range of genetically distinct BCRs or TCRs present in a given host (larger repertoire = more threats recognised)

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11
Q

What is positive selection of T cells?

A
  • Can the T cell receptor signal

- Can the T cell receptor receive signals

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12
Q

What is negative selection of T cells?

A

-Does the cell react against our own body

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13
Q

Immature T cells enter the thymus from the bone marrow as

A

double negative T cells

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14
Q

Process of selection

A
  • Enter as double negative
  • Positive selection (double positive)
  • Negative selection (single positive) or apoptosis
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15
Q

As age increases, thymus function?

A

Decreases

- Gets smaller, T cell production decreases

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16
Q

Where do lymphocytes interact with antigens and other lymphocytes?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

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17
Q

Name 5 secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • Spleen
  • Mucosal associated
  • Appendix
  • Lymph nodes
  • Lymphoid tissue
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18
Q

Where are lymphoid tissues found?

A
  • Distributed around the body

- Interconnected via lymphatic system + blood

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19
Q

Examples of discrete organs?

A
  • Lymph nodes

- Adenoids

20
Q

Examples of distinct regions?

A
  • Within a tissue

- Spleen

21
Q

Afferent lymphatic vessels

A

Flowing into the lymph nodes

22
Q

Efferent lymphatic vesseks

A

Flowing out of the lymph nodes

23
Q

Key signals in lymphoid tissue

A
  • Fibroreticular cells (CCL19, CCL21, IL-7)

- Follicular dendritic cells (CXCL13, BAFF, immune complexes)

24
Q

B cells are compartmentalised in

A

B cell follicles

25
Q

What is the first line of defence against infection?

A

Epithelial barriers

  • Physical barrier
  • Extensive lymphatic network
26
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A
  • Specialised secondary lymphoid tisses

- Found below the epithelium of the ileum of the small intestine

27
Q

What is thymic involution?

A

Shrinking of thymus with age (associated with change in structure and reduced mass)

28
Q

What is a germinal centre?

A

An anatomically restricted site where B cells undergo mutation and selection to generate high affinity antibodies

29
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring?

A

Ring of lymphoid tissues surrounding oral and nasal cavity (pharynx)

30
Q

2 to 3 litres of lymph returned to blood each day (via superior vena cava)

A

The lymph is a rapid flow fluid draining lots of tissue of antigens

31
Q

The lymph nodes

A
  • Site to which lymphatic fluid is drained

- Source of antigens

32
Q

Each naïve T cell recirculates once every

A

24 hours

33
Q

Why do T cells have to return to the secondary lymphoid tissues

A

To receive its survival signal, otherwise if the cell was stuck somewhere, it would die

34
Q

What happens when a blood vessel is running parallel to lymphatic vessels or high endothelial venules?

A

T cells migrate across blood vessels to high endothelial venules and then into the lymph node

35
Q

What happens if a T cell encounters a dendritic cell presenting an antigen?

A

Activation –> Antigen recognition

36
Q

Extravasation of T cells into lymph nodes

A

Similar to neutrophil extravasation

Entering endothelium

37
Q

What does the protein L selectin (CD62L) allow?

A

Engagement with CD34 on endothelial cells of the high endothelial venule

38
Q

Engagement with CD34 allows?

A

Initial binding and rolling along the endothelium

39
Q

What does LFA-1 do?

A

Binds ICAM on the lymphocyte endothelial vessels allowing them to migrate across the endothelium

40
Q

What happens to ICAM during inflammation?

A

It is upregulated to encourage T cells to migrate into those lymph nodes

41
Q

What is antigen presentation?

A

Display of peptides in the MHC I or II proteins such that the T cell receptor can attempt to bind them

42
Q

Role of dendritic cells

A
  • Professional APCs
  • Range of migratory and tissue resident variety
  • Migrate out of the site of inflammation
43
Q

Dendritic cell migration

A
  • Via afferent lymph into lymph nodes

- To interact with T cells

44
Q

What does CD stand for?

A

Cluster of differentiation

45
Q

What CD do T cells uniquely express?

A

CD3

46
Q

What CD do B cells uniquely express?

A

CD19

POM Block 2 (9 decks)

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