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POM Block 2 > 10 Microbial infection > Flashcards

10 Microbial infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are viruses?

A

Obligate parasites

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2
Q

Genetic material in viruses?

A

DNA or RNA

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3
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

Using host-cell nuclear synthetic machinery

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4
Q

How do viruses divide?

A

By budding out of the cell or by cytolysis

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5
Q

What are some routes of infection?

A
  • Faecal-oral
  • Airborne
  • Insect vectors
  • Blood born
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6
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

Retrovirus

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7
Q

How do retroviruses work?

A

DNA makes RNA

RNA makes protein

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8
Q

What is the enzyme required for RNA genomes?

A

Reverse transcriptase

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9
Q

Why smallpox (variola virus) has been eradicated?

A

Very effective vaccine

Vaccine can be given easily after symptoms are seen

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10
Q

Bacteria internal membrane structure

A

No internal membranes

Exception: photosynthetic bacteria

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11
Q

Are bacteria diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid

Single copy of a chromosome

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12
Q

Bacterial cytoskeleton is…

A

Poorly defined

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13
Q

Bacterial cell wall structure

A

Contains peptidoglycan

  • Determines shape (rod, coccus, spriochaete)
  • Basis of stain
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14
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

Binary fission

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15
Q

How are bacteria motile?

A

Have a flagellum

- Swim away from toxins and towards food sources

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16
Q

What is the vaccine target in bacteria?

A

Capsule

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17
Q

What is the antimicrobial target in bacteria?

A

Cell wall

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18
Q

What is Shigella?

A

An invasive bacterial pathogen

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19
Q

How is Shigella transmitted?

A

Faecal-oral route

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20
Q

Shigella mode of action

A

Phagocytosed into epithelial cells of GI tract

Replicated and spreads to other cells using host actin

21
Q

Shigella symptoms

A

Bloody stools

Diarrhoea

22
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

A hospital acquired infection e.g. MRSA

23
Q

Why are new drugs required?

A

To combat antimicrobial resistance and shorten treatment

24
Q

Pathogenic E. coli…

A

is always present in gut

25
Q

How does E. coli cause problems?

A

Can adhere and get into gut cells

26
Q

Mutation rates in different organisms are…

A

similiar

27
Q

More mutations occur when…

A

the generation time is short

28
Q

Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

29
Q

What do fungi occur in?

A

Yeasts, filaments or both

30
Q

What do fungi cause?

A
  • Allergy (reactions to fungal product)
  • Mycotoxicoses (ingestion of fungi and their toxic products)
  • Mycoses (superficial, subcutaneous or systemic invasion and destruction of human tissue)
31
Q

How do yeasts spread?

A

They bud or divide

32
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Filaments which have cross walls or septa

Main mode of vegetative growth

33
Q

What are protozoa?

A

Unicellular eukaryotic organisms

- Parasites

34
Q

How do protozoa replicate?

A

In host by binary fission or by formation of trophozoites inside a cell (asexual)

35
Q

How is infection acquired?

A

By ingestion or through a vector

36
Q

Examples of pathogenic protozoa

A

Malaria and Leishmaniasis

37
Q

How is plasmodium infection acquired?

A

Through a mosquito vector

38
Q

How does plasmodium replicate?

A

Formation of trophozoites inside a cell

39
Q

Protection against malaria

A

Sickle-cell and β-thalassaemia

40
Q

What are helminths?

A

Metazoa with eukaryotic cells

Multicellular

41
Q

Lifecycle of helminths

A

Outside of human host

42
Q

Examples of helminths

A

Roundworms (Ascaris)
Tapeworms
Flatworms (Flukes)

43
Q

What are the targets for anti-fungal therapy?

A
  • Cell membrane (ergesterol not cholesterol)
  • DNA synthesis
  • Cell wall
44
Q

What Gram negative organism causes hospital acquired pneumonia, burn wounds, particularly affects immunocompromised hosts (e.g. chemotherapy, individuals with cystic fibrosis), and survives on abiotic surfaces?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

45
Q

What is the abbreviation for extended spectrum beta-lactam resistant E. coli?

A

ESBL

46
Q

What Gram Neagtive organism causes ITU infections, and survives on abiotic surfaces?

A

?

47
Q

What Gram Positive organism colonises the nasopharynx, causes bloodstream infections, and disseminated spread (e.g. osteomyelitis & infective endocarditis)?

A

?

48
Q

What Gram Positive organism is a commensal of gastrointestinal tract, but can cause bloodstream and urinary tract infections?

A

?

49
Q

What Gram Positive organism is a major cause of antibiotic associated diarrhoea and mortality?

A

Clostridium difficile

POM Block 2 (9 decks)

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