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MT6327 : IMMUNOHEMA > 1.1 Introductory Concepts (Historical Bg & Basic BB Principles) > Flashcards

1.1 Introductory Concepts (Historical Bg & Basic BB Principles) Flashcards

1
Q

He was the pope who received transfused blood from 3 young men. All four of them died.

A

Pope Innocent VII

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2
Q

In 1869, attempts to find a nontoxic anticoagulant began and a scientist recommended sodium phosphate to be a good buffer

A

Braxton Hicks

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3
Q

In 1901, he discovered the ABO blood groups and explained the serious reactions that occur in humans as a result of incompatible transfusions

A

Karl Landsteiner

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4
Q

What was the first blood groups discovered?

A

ABO Blood groups

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5
Q

He carried out vein-to-vein transfusion of blood by using gmultiple syringesg and a special cannula for puncturing the vein through the skin

A

Edward E. Lindemann

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6
Q

He designed a syringe-valve apparatus that transfusions from donor to patient by an unassisted physician became practical

A

Unger

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7
Q

He reported the use of sodium citrate
(non-toxic) as an anticoagulant solution for transfusions

A

Hustin

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8
Q

He determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amounts

A

Lewisohn

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9
Q

They introduced a citrate-dextrose solution for the preservation of blood for glucose evaluation

A

Rous and Turner

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10
Q

The pioneer work of this doctor on developing techniques in blood transfusion and blood preservation led to the establishment of a widespread system of blood bank

A

Dr. Charles Drew

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11
Q

He was appointed as the director of the first American Red Cross blood bank at Presbyterian Hospita

A

Dr. Charles Drew

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12
Q

They introduced the formula for the preservative acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD)

A

Loutit and Mollison

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13
Q

Efforts in several countries resulted in the landmark publication of the July 1947 issue of the ___________, which devoted nearly a dozen papers to the topic of blood preservation.

A

Journal of Clinical Investigation

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14
Q

He introduced an improved preservative solution called citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD), which was less acidic and eventually replaced ACD as the standard preservative used for blood storage

A

Gibson

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15
Q

Referred to as a citizen seeking spiritual rebirth descended into a pit, or fossa sanguinis

A

Taurobolium

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16
Q

These people bathed in blood to resuscitate the sick and rejuvenate the old

A

Egyptians

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17
Q

He was executed the first successful animal to animal transfusion using dogs

A

Richard Lower

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18
Q

He performed animal (sheep) to man (Arthur Coga) transfusion

A

Richard Lower

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19
Q

He performed the first documented animal to man transfusion

A

Jean-Baptiste Denis

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20
Q

He successfully transfused sheep blood into a
15 y/o boy with long-standing fever

A

Jean-Baptiste Denis

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21
Q

He introduced direct blood transfusion using two silver cannulae

A

James Aveling

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22
Q

Antigen vs Immunogenic

It induces antibody production

A

Immunogenic

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23
Q

Antigen vs Immunogenic

It reacts to its antibody

A

Both

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24
Q

T or F

All blood group antigens are immunogenic

A

True

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25
Q

These are Immunogens having a molecular weight (MW) less than 10,000 D and requires carrier proteins to produce a reaction

A

Haptens (incomplete antigen)

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26
Q

What are examples of haptens or incomplete antigens?

A

Nucleic acids, lipids

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27
Q

It is a protein substance secreted by plasma cells that is developed in response to, and interacting specifically with, an antigen

A

Antibody

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28
Q

T or F

Antibodies directly kills a microorganism

A

False (only sends signals to kill)

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29
Q

It is the product of Immunogenic/antigenic stimulation

A

Antibody

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30
Q

It attached to a microorganism and triggers the immune response

A

Antibody

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31
Q

Once complement proteins are activated, what will happen?

A

Lysis !

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32
Q

In comparison to men, what are the two ways can a women develop a wrong antibody?

A

Pregnancy, blood transfusion

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33
Q

What is the most Immunogenic antigen?

A

A , B

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34
Q

What is the most Immunogenic antigen?

A

A , B

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35
Q

Rank the antigens based on the most immunogenic

A
  1. A , B (ABO)
  2. RhD
  3. K (Kell Ag)
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36
Q

These are foreign molecules that bind specifically to an antibody or a T-cell receptor

A

Antigen

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37
Q

An antigen in its role of eliciting an immune response

A

Immunogen

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38
Q

T or F

Based on the characteristics of antigens, the larger the size of the Ag, the easier it can be recognized by antibodies

39
Q

T or F

Based on the characteristics of antigens, the more complex an Ag is, the more Immunogenic it is

40
Q

It is a glycoprotein (immunoglobulin) that recognizes a particular epitope on an antigen and facilitates clearance of that antigen

41
Q

What is the basis of characteristics of the immunoglobulins?

A

Heavy chain

42
Q

What links together two or more monomers?

A

Joining / J chain

43
Q

What bond links together light and heavy chains together?

A

Disulfide bonds

44
Q

In the light chain, what is the Kappa-Lambda ratio?

45
Q

T or F

Both IgM and IgG contain a J chain

A

False (only IgM)

46
Q

How is the clearance of red cells through IgM?

A

Intravascular

47
Q

How is the clearance of red cells through IgG?

A

Extravascular

48
Q

How can we detect IgM in laboratory tests?

A

Immediate-spin

49
Q

How can we detect IgG in laboratory tests?

A

Antiglobulin test

50
Q

What is the heavy chain composition of IgM?

51
Q

What is the heavy chain composition of IgG?

52
Q

What is the smallest immunoglobulin?

53
Q

It is also known as the coating antibody since it cannot cause agglutination/linking of RBC, rather only coats the RBC

54
Q

It is the clumping of the RBCs caused by an antibody

A

Agglutination

55
Q

In what temperature does IgG reacts to?

A

37 C (body temp, warm-reacting)

56
Q

In what temperature does IgM reacts to?

A

20-24 C or 1-6 C (room temp, colder temp, cold-reacting)

57
Q

It is the smallest antibody and can’t cause agglutination on its own

58
Q

It is difference in charge density between the inner and outer layers of the ionic cloud that surrounds red blood cells in an electrolyte solution and causes repulsion between RBCs

A

Zeta potential

59
Q

What is the source of the negative charge of an RBC?

A

Sialic acid

60
Q

What is the largest immunoglobulin and thus, causes agglutination?

61
Q

Since it is the smallest immunoglobulin, it can easily pass through the placenta

62
Q

It is the process of an Antibody passing through a placenta

A

Passive immunity (maternal)

63
Q

T or F

IgM can pass through the placenta since it is the largest Ig

64
Q

How many molecules does IgG require to activate the complement proteins and causes repulsion lysis?

A

2 molecules

65
Q

How many molecules does IgM require to activate the complement proteins and causes repulsion lysis?

A

1 molecule

66
Q

IgM is part of what response

A

Primary response

67
Q

IgG is part of what response

A

Secondary response

68
Q

This immunoglobulin exist as monomer, dimer or trimer joined by J chain

69
Q

This immunoglobulin is capable of destroying transfused antigen-positive RBCs

70
Q

It is the predominant Ab produced in the secondary response

71
Q

It is the IgG best in passing through the placenta

72
Q

It is the best IgG in activating the complement proteins for lysis

73
Q

What are the blood groups associated with IgG production?

A
  • Rh
  • Duffy
  • Kidd
  • Kell
    (Rich Daring Kid can Kill)
74
Q

T or F

The Lag phase of IgM is longer than of IgG

75
Q

T or F

There is an increase of antibody production during primary response

A

False (during secondary phase)

76
Q

It is the most commonly encountered naturally occurring Ab (ABO system)

77
Q

Produced in response to commonly occurring
antigens
- intestinal flora
- pollen grains

78
Q

What are the blood groups associated with IgM production

A
  • ABO
  • li
  • Lewis
  • P
  • MNS
79
Q

What are the blood groups associated with IgM production

A
  • ABO
  • li
  • Lewis
  • P
  • MNS
80
Q

It can interfere with detecting IgG by masking their reactivity

81
Q

It can exist in monomeric (surface if B cell) or pentameric (serum) form with J chain

82
Q

30% of anti-A and anti-B are _______ antibodies

83
Q

This may cause severe anaphylaxis if transfused in IgA-deficient patients

84
Q

It can increase the effect of IgG-induced RBC hemolysis

85
Q

This may cause urticaria if transfused in patients with severe allergic reactions (due to release of histamines)

86
Q

It is found on the surface of B cell (same with monomeric IgM) and is least significant in blood banking & is not able to cross placenta and activate complement

87
Q

What are the two types of antibodies based on production

A

Polyclonal, monoclonal

88
Q

These are Ab derived from more than one antibody-producing parent cell

A

Polyclonal

89
Q

It is an Ab produced in response to a single antigen with more than one epitope (heterozygous)

A

Polyclonal

90
Q

These are antibodies derived from a single ancestral antibody-producing parent cell (homozygous)

A

Monoclonal

91
Q

It is the preferred Ab in testing since it is highly specific, well characterized, and uniformly
reactive

A

Monoclonal

92
Q

It is the exact antigen binding site

93
Q

It is the exact antibody binding site

94
Q

This antibody is found in individuals without previous exposure to RBC Ags from transfusion, injection or pregnancy

A

Naturally occurring Ab

MT6327 : IMMUNOHEMA (2 decks)

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