1.1 Introductory Concepts (Historical Bg & Basic BB Principles)

Question 1

He was the pope who received transfused blood from 3 young men. All four of them died.

Answer 1

Pope Innocent VII

Question 2

In 1869, attempts to find a nontoxic anticoagulant began and a scientist recommended sodium phosphate to be a good buffer

Answer 2

Braxton Hicks

Question 3

In 1901, he discovered the ABO blood groups and explained the serious reactions that occur in humans as a result of incompatible transfusions

Answer 3

Karl Landsteiner

Question 4

What was the first blood groups discovered?

Answer 4

ABO Blood groups

Question 5

He carried out vein-to-vein transfusion of blood by using gmultiple syringesg and a special cannula for puncturing the vein through the skin

Answer 5

Edward E. Lindemann

Question 6

He designed a syringe-valve apparatus that transfusions from donor to patient by an unassisted physician became practical

Answer 6

Unger

Question 7

He reported the use of sodium citrate
(non-toxic) as an anticoagulant solution for transfusions

Answer 7

Hustin

Question 8

He determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amounts

Answer 8

Lewisohn

Question 9

They introduced a citrate-dextrose solution for the preservation of blood for glucose evaluation

Answer 9

Rous and Turner

Question 10

The pioneer work of this doctor on developing techniques in blood transfusion and blood preservation led to the establishment of a widespread system of blood bank

Answer 10

Dr. Charles Drew

Question 11

He was appointed as the director of the first American Red Cross blood bank at Presbyterian Hospita

Answer 11

Dr. Charles Drew

Question 12

They introduced the formula for the preservative acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD)

Answer 12

Loutit and Mollison

Question 13

Efforts in several countries resulted in the landmark publication of the July 1947 issue of the ___________, which devoted nearly a dozen papers to the topic of blood preservation.

Answer 13

Journal of Clinical Investigation

Question 14

He introduced an improved preservative solution called citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD), which was less acidic and eventually replaced ACD as the standard preservative used for blood storage

Answer 14

Gibson

Question 15

Referred to as a citizen seeking spiritual rebirth descended into a pit, or fossa sanguinis

Answer 15

Taurobolium

Question 16

These people bathed in blood to resuscitate the sick and rejuvenate the old

Answer 16

Egyptians

Question 17

He was executed the first successful animal to animal transfusion using dogs

Answer 17

Richard Lower

Question 18

He performed animal (sheep) to man (Arthur Coga) transfusion

Answer 18

Richard Lower

Question 19

He performed the first documented animal to man transfusion

Answer 19

Jean-Baptiste Denis

Question 20

He successfully transfused sheep blood into a
15 y/o boy with long-standing fever

Answer 20

Jean-Baptiste Denis

Question 21

He introduced direct blood transfusion using two silver cannulae

Answer 21

James Aveling

Question 22

Antigen vs Immunogenic

It induces antibody production

Answer 22

Immunogenic

Question 23

Antigen vs Immunogenic

It reacts to its antibody

Answer 23

Both

Question 24

T or F

All blood group antigens are immunogenic

Answer 24

True

Question 25

These are Immunogens having a molecular weight (MW) less than 10,000 D and requires carrier proteins to produce a reaction

Answer 25

Haptens (incomplete antigen)

Question 26

What are examples of haptens or incomplete antigens?

Answer 26

Nucleic acids, lipids

Question 27

It is a protein substance secreted by **plasma cells** that is developed in response to, and interacting specifically with, an **antigen**

Answer 27

Antibody

Question 28

T or F Antibodies directly kills a microorganism

Answer 28

False (only sends signals to kill)

Question 29

It is the product of Immunogenic/antigenic stimulation

Answer 29

Antibody

Question 30

It attached to a microorganism and triggers the immune response

Answer 30

Antibody

Question 31

Once **complement proteins** are **activated**, what will happen?

Answer 31

Lysis !

Question 32

In comparison to men, what are the two ways can a women develop a wrong antibody?

Answer 32

Pregnancy, blood transfusion

Question 33

What is the most Immunogenic antigen?

Answer 33

A , B

Question 34

What is the most Immunogenic antigen?

Answer 34

A , B

Question 35

Rank the antigens based on the most immunogenic

Answer 35

1. A , B (ABO) 2. RhD 3. K (Kell Ag)

Question 36

These are **foreign** molecules that bind specifically to an antibody or a T-cell receptor

Answer 36

Antigen

Question 37

An antigen in its role of **eliciting** an **immune response**

Answer 37

Immunogen

Question 38

T or F Based on the characteristics of antigens, the larger the size of the Ag, the easier it can be recognized by antibodies

Answer 38

True

Question 39

T or F Based on the characteristics of antigens, the more complex an Ag is, the more Immunogenic it is

Answer 39

True

Question 40

It is a **glycoprotein** (immunoglobulin) that recognizes a particular **epitope** on an antigen and facilitates clearance of that antigen

Answer 40

Antobidy

Question 41

What is the basis of characteristics of the immunoglobulins?

Answer 41

Heavy chain

Question 42

What links together two or more monomers?

Answer 42

Joining / J chain

Question 43

What bond links together light and heavy chains together?

Answer 43

Disulfide bonds

Question 44

In the light chain, what is the Kappa-Lambda ratio?

Answer 44

2:1

Question 45

T or F Both IgM and IgG contain a J chain

Answer 45

False (only IgM)

Question 46

How is the clearance of red cells through IgM?

Answer 46

Intravascular

Question 47

How is the clearance of red cells through IgG?

Answer 47

Extravascular

Question 48

How can we detect IgM in laboratory tests?

Answer 48

Immediate-spin

Question 49

How can we detect IgG in laboratory tests?

Answer 49

Antiglobulin test

Question 50

What is the heavy chain composition of IgM?

Answer 50

Mu

Question 51

What is the heavy chain composition of IgG?

Answer 51

Gamma

Question 52

What is the smallest immunoglobulin?

Answer 52

IgG

Question 53

It is also known as the **coating** antibody since it cannot cause agglutination/linking of RBC, rather only coats the RBC

Answer 53

IgG

Question 54

It is the **clumping** of the RBCs caused by an antibody

Answer 54

Agglutination

Question 55

In what temperature does IgG reacts to?

Answer 55

37 C (body temp, warm-reacting)

Question 56

In what temperature does IgM reacts to?

Answer 56

20-24 C or 1-6 C (room temp, colder temp, cold-reacting)

Question 57

It is the smallest antibody and can’t cause agglutination on its own

Answer 57

IgG

Question 58

It is **difference in charge density** between the inner and outer layers of the ionic cloud that surrounds red blood cells in an electrolyte solution and causes **repulsion** between RBCs

Answer 58

Zeta potential

Question 59

What is the source of the negative charge of an RBC?

Answer 59

Sialic acid

Question 60

What is the largest immunoglobulin and thus, causes agglutination?

Answer 60

IgM

Question 61

Since it is the smallest immunoglobulin, it can easily pass through the placenta

Answer 61

IgG

Question 62

It is the process of an Antibody passing through a placenta

Answer 62

Passive immunity (maternal)

Question 63

T or F IgM can pass through the placenta since it is the largest Ig

Answer 63

False

Question 64

How many molecules does IgG require to activate the complement proteins and causes repulsion lysis?

Answer 64

2 molecules

Question 65

How many molecules does IgM require to activate the complement proteins and causes repulsion lysis?

Answer 65

1 molecule

Question 66

IgM is part of what response

Answer 66

Primary response

Question 67

IgG is part of what response

Answer 67

Secondary response

Question 68

This immunoglobulin exist as monomer, dimer or trimer joined by J chain

Answer 68

IgA

Question 69

This immunoglobulin is capable of destroying transfused antigen-positive RBCs

Answer 69

IgG

Question 70

It is the predominant Ab produced in the secondary response

Answer 70

IgG

Question 71

It is the IgG best in passing through the placenta

Answer 71

IgG1

Question 72

It is the best IgG in activating the complement proteins for lysis

Answer 72

IgG3

Question 73

What are the blood groups associated with IgG production?

Answer 73

- Rh - Duffy - Kidd - Kell (Rich Daring Kid can Kill)

Question 74

T or F The **Lag phase** of IgM is longer than of IgG

Answer 74

True

Question 75

T or F There is an increase of antibody production during primary response

Answer 75

False (during secondary phase)

Question 76

It is the most commonly encountered naturally occurring Ab (ABO system)

Answer 76

IgM

Question 77

Produced in response to **commonly occurring** antigens - intestinal flora - pollen grains

Answer 77

IgM

Question 78

What are the blood groups associated with IgM production

Answer 78

- ABO - li - Lewis - P - MNS

Question 79

What are the blood groups associated with IgM production

Answer 79

- ABO - li - Lewis - P - MNS

Question 80

It can interfere with detecting IgG by masking their reactivity

Answer 80

IgM

Question 81

It can exist in **monomeric (surface if B cell)** or **pentameric (serum)** form with J chain

Answer 81

IgM

Question 82

30% of anti-A and anti-B are _______ antibodies

Answer 82

IgA

Question 83

This may cause severe **anaphylaxis** if transfused in **IgA-deficient** patients

Answer 83

IgA

Question 84

It can **increase** the effect of **IgG-induced RBC hemolysis**

Answer 84

IgA

Question 85

This may cause **urticaria** if transfused in patients with severe **allergic reactions** (due to release of histamines)

Answer 85

IgE

Question 86

It is found on the surface of B cell (same with monomeric IgM) and is least significant in blood banking & is not able to cross placenta and activate complement

Answer 86

IgD

Question 87

What are the two types of antibodies based on production

Answer 87

Polyclonal, monoclonal

Question 88

These are Ab derived from **more than one** antibody-producing parent cell

Answer 88

Polyclonal

Question 89

It is an Ab produced in response to a single antigen with more than one epitope (heterozygous)

Answer 89

Polyclonal

Question 90

These are antibodies derived from a single ancestral antibody-producing parent cell (homozygous)

Answer 90

Monoclonal

Question 91

It is the preferred Ab in testing since it is highly specific, well characterized, and uniformly reactive

Answer 91

Monoclonal

Question 92

It is the exact antigen binding site

Answer 92

Epitope

Question 93

It is the exact antibody binding site

Answer 93

Paratope

Question 94

This antibody is found in individuals without previous exposure to RBC Ags from transfusion, injection or pregnancy

Answer 94

Naturally occurring Ab