1.1 introduction to biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are biological molecules?

A

particular groups of chemicals that are found in living organisms

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2
Q

What is the study of biological molecules called?

A

molecular biology

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3
Q

What are molecules made up of?

A

units called atoms

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4
Q

What are different types of bonding?

A

covalent bonding
ionic bonding
hydrogen bonding

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5
Q

What is colvalent bonding?

A

atoms share a pair of electrons in their outer shells

as a result the outer shell of both atoms is filled to create a more stable compound called a molecule

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6
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

ions with opposite charges attract each other
the electrostatic attraction is known as an ionic bond
it is weaker than a covalent bond

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7
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A

electrons in molecules are not evenly distributed, some regions are more negatively charged (polar molecule)
opposite regions of 2 polarised molecules attract each other, creating a weak electrostatic bond

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8
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

a molecule with an uneven distribution of charge

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9
Q

What is a polymer?

A

long chain of monomer sub units

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10
Q

What is the process called of forming polymers?

A

polymerisation

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11
Q

what are some examples of industrially produced polymers?

A

polythene

polyester

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12
Q

what are monomers of a polymer usually?

A

carbon based

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13
Q

what are some examples of polymers made naturally by living organisms?

A

polysaccharides, polypeptides, polynucleotides

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14
Q

what is the basic sub unit of a polysaccharide?

A

monosaccharide/single sugar

e.g. glucose

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15
Q

what are polynucleotides formed from?

A

mononucleotide sub units

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16
Q

what are polypeptides formed from?

A

formed by linking together peptides that have amio acids as their basic sub units

17
Q

what is a condensation reaction?

A

in the formation of polymers by polymerisation in organisms, each time a new sub unit is attached a molecule of water is formed

18
Q

what are examples of condensation reactions?

A

polypeptide from amino acids

starch (polysaccharide) from glucose (monosaccharide)

19
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

water molecules are used when breaking bonds that link polymer sub units and split molecule

20
Q

what does hydrolysis the word mean

A
hydro= water
lysis= splitting
21
Q

what is metabolism?

A

all the chemical processes that take place in living organisms are collectively called metabolism

22
Q

what is THE mole?

A

the SI unit for measuring the amount of a substance

23
Q

what can mole be abbreviated to?

A

mol

24
Q

what is ONE mole

A

one mole contains the same number of particles as there are in 12g of carbon-12 atoms
12g carbon-12 atoms contain 6.022x10^23 carbon atoms (Avogadro constant)

25
Q

What is Avogadro constant

A

the amount of carbon atoms in 12g of carbon-12

6.022x10^23

26
Q

what is a molar solution?

A

a solution that contains one mole of solute in each litre of solution

27
Q

what is one mole regarding molar solutions?

A

molecular mass expressed in grams