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Clinical Neuroscience (My own) > 1.1 Intro to Neuro > Flashcards

1.1 Intro to Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Some features of the CNS

A

Cerebral hemispheres,
Brainstem
cerebellum and spinal cord

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2
Q

Some features of the PNS

A

Dorsal and ventral roots
Spinal nerves
Peripheral nerves

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3
Q

List some differences between CNS and PNS

A

CNS is myelinated by oligodendrocytes whereas the PNS is by schwann cells
CNS cannot regenerate axons

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4
Q

What is the caudal equine a part of?

A

PNS

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5
Q

What does grey matter consist of? What does it have less of?

A

Mainly cell bodies and dendrites and is highly vascular
Contains less myelin
Also fewer axons but still has some for communication with white matter

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6
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

Axons and supporting cells for example oligodendrocytes

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7
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

Due to high myelin content

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8
Q

Explain the relationship between oligodenrocytes and axons

A

1 oligodendrocyte = 100s of axons

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9
Q

What is the PNS equivalent of grey matter?

A

Ganglion, a collection og neuronal ce;; bodies in PNS

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10
Q

What is the PNS equivalent of white matter?

A

Peripheral nerve

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11
Q

Where is the basal ganglia found?

A

In CNS

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12
Q

What is a neurone?

A

Transmits action potentials, it integrates and adds up impulses going to it an decides whether to fire or not- a decision making device.

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13
Q

How many segments is the spinal cord made up of?

A

31

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14
Q

What does each segment connect to?

A

Connects to s apsidal (mixed) nerve through dorsal and ventral (motor) roots

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15
Q

What are the sections of white matter?

A

Ventral, dorsal, and lateral

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16
Q

What is a tract? What direction do the impulses travel in?

A

An anatomically and functionally defined white matter pathway connecting 2 distinct regions of grey matter.
Unidirectional impulses

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17
Q

What is a funicular? What direction do impulses travel?

A

A segment of white matter containing multiple distinct tracts.
Impulses travel in multiple directions

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18
Q

What is a fasciculus?

A

Subdivision of a tract supplying a distinct part of the body

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19
Q

How is grey matter organised?

A

In columns as opposed to tracts, and each column is numbered

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20
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

A distinct population of neurones in the ins that are formed by motor neurones that supply a given muscle from multiple segments

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21
Q

Is the nucleus a part of the grey or white matter?

A

Grey

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22
Q

What is the cortex?

A

A folded sheet of cell bodies found on the surface of the brain structure. 1-5mm thick

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23
Q

Is the cortex white or grey matter?

A

Grey Matter

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24
Q

Why is the cortex made of a folded sheath?

A

Maximises volume so can stuff in as many neurones as possible

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25
Q

What is a fibre?

A

An axon in association with its supporting cells, can be used synonymously with axon

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26
Q

Is a fibre white or grey matter?

A

White matter

27
Q

What are the types of fibre?

A

Association
Commissural
Projection

28
Q

What is an association fibre?

A

It connects cortical regions WITHIN the SAME hemisphere

29
Q

What is a commissural fibre?

A

Connects left and right hemispheres

30
Q

What is a projection fibre?

A

Connects the cerebral hemispheres with the cord/brainstem and vice versa

31
Q

Look at lecture for drawings

A

Go now before you forget

32
Q

Why is the brainstem thicker than the spinal cord?

A

Due to interneurons

33
Q

What are the main functions of the midbrain?

A

Eye movements and reflex responses to sound and vision

34
Q

Main functions of the pons?

A

Feeding and sleep (REM)

35
Q

Main functions of medulla?

A

Hoemostatic centres- CVS and resp centres and contains the major motor pathway

36
Q

What are the colliculi and where are they found?

A

Bumos on the back of the midbrain that are the reflex centres, rapid response to visual and auditory stimulus

37
Q

What are gyri?

A

The bumps

38
Q

What are sulci?

A

The dips

39
Q

What splits the frontal and parietal lobe?

A

Centreal sulcus

40
Q

What does the lateral fissure do?

A

Separates the temporal from frontal/parietal lobes

41
Q

What is the pareito-occipital sulcus

A

Separates the parietal from the occipital lobe

42
Q

What seperates the visual cortex?

A

Calcarine sulcus

43
Q

Which features are present in the inferior aspect of the brain?

A

Optic chasm
Uncus
Medullary pyramids
Parahippocampal gyrus

44
Q

What is the uncus? What is clinically singificant about it?

A

Part of the temporal lobe that can herniate, compressing the midbrain. Has an important olfactory role. Can herniate easily due to surroundings.

45
Q

What are the medullary pyramids?

A

The location of descending motor fibres

46
Q

What is the prehippocampal gyrus? What is it important for?

A

Key cortical region for memory encoding. It is an important point for the converging of stimuli.

47
Q

What are the key features of the midline of the brain?

A 
Corpus collosum
Thalamus
Cingulate gyrus
Hypothalamus
Fornix
Tectu,
Cerebellar tonsil
LOOK UP ALL LOCATIONS IN THE LECTURE
48
Q

Function of the thalamus?

A

Sensory relay station projecting to sensory cortex

49
Q

Function of Cingulate gyrus?

A

Cortical area important for emotion and memory

50
Q

Function of Hypothalamus?

A

Essential centre for homeostasis

51
Q

What is the fornix?

A

Major output pathway from the hippocampus

52
Q

What is the tectum? And where is it?

A

Dorsal part of the midbrain involved in involuntary responses to auditory and visual stimuli.

53
Q

What is the cerebellar tonsil? What effect can it have on surrounding structures?

A

Part of the cerebellum that can herniate and compress the medulla

54
Q

What is the choroid plexus and where can it be found?

A

Produces the CSF and can be found in the ventricular system

55
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A

Metabolic anf mechanical functions.
It can act as a buffer
It is rich in glucose for metabolism
Rich in immune cells

56
Q

Describe the route of CSF movement and circulation

A

CSF circulates through the ventricular system and subarachnoid space before being absorbed at the arachnoid granulations

57
Q

Where are the arachnoid granulations mainly found?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

58
Q

How manu ventricles are there?

A

4

59
Q

What joins the first 2 ventricles?

A

Intraventricular foraman

60
Q

What is in close proximity to the third ventricle?

A

2 thalami squash the 3rd ventricle

61
Q

Where dies the third ventricle drain CSF through?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

62
Q

What are the 3/4 apertures of the 4th ventricle?

A

Cantral canal of
Lateral x 2
Medial

63
Q

What is the name of the lateral aperture?

A

Foraman of Luschka (L L)

64
Q

What is the name of the medial aperture?

A

Foraman of Magendie (M M)

Clinical Neuroscience (My own) (9 decks)

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