1.1: Henry VII (1485-1509) Flashcards
1.1.1: Consolidation of power 1.1.2: Government 1.1.3: Relationships with foreign powers 1.1.4: Society 1.1.5: Economic development: 1.1.6: Religion
Give three of the eight ways Henry immediately consolidated his power
The Dating of his reign, His Coronation and The Curation of An heir
Summarise in one sentence why Henrys position was insecure
He killed a Yorkist and he also had no wealth so Marg of Burgundy posed a threat
What was the significance of The Simnel Rebellion
His position was safer than before but still uncertain, shown leadership qualities and policy of bonds for good behaviour started to be used
What was The Lambert Simnel Rebellion (1487)
A 10 year old would claim to be a Yorkist Prince (Earl of Warwick who was imprisoned) to gain financial support to create a big military threat financed by Margaret of Burgundy
Why was Perkin Warbeck a pain in the arse to Henry
Pretended to be Richard (Duke of York), he started in Ireland then moved to court in France but had to leave in 1492 due to the Treaty of Etaples he was trained by Margaret then he tried in England but had to flee to Scotland finally he was involved in the Cornish Rebellion
What were Crown Lands
Land confiscated under The Acts of Attainder it went from £12000 in 1486 to £42000 in 1508
What were Feudal Dues
Traditional rights held by the crown to demand money eg: Wardship and Marriages went from £350 to £6000/year by 1507 and £30000 was raised for the Knighting of Prince Arthur
What were Benevolences
Forced loans that weren’t repaid in 1491 the King raised £48000 to fund an invasion with France
What was the Royal Council
They advised the King also administering the realm and make legal judgements it consisted of Nobility, Churchmen and Laymen
What was The Council Learned in Law
Maintain the Kings revenue and exploit its prerogative rights led by Empson and Dudley after Sir Reg Bray died in 1503
What were The Acts of Attainder
The Declaration of finding a nobleman guilty of a crime against the Crown is usually Treason. 1485-1487: 56 people and in 1495:24 people
Summarise Henry’s Government
Henry’s government was a strictly controlled and calculated scheme which Henry manipulated for the countries’ – and his own – gain. The council learned helped Henry to increase his income and allowed him to conduct justice without the use of a court.
What was Henry’s relationship like with Brittany and France
1487: French Invasion of Brittany = Henry was alarmed so he raised taxation = Yorkshire Rebellion but England and Brittany had agreed the Treaty of Redon 1489 but Anne surrendered to Charles marrying him so Henry invaded then came the Treaty of Etaples and peace was ensued
What was Henrys relationship like with Burgundy
Phillip allowing the harbouring of Perkin Warbeck = Henry placed a Trade Embargo upon Burgundy in 1493 but relinquished it in 1506 where Intercursus Malus (put in a stronger trade deal in Henry’s favour) was agreed due to Phillip agreeing not to harbour Perkin Warbeck any longer
What was Henry’s relationship like with Spain
Treaty of Medina Del Campo gave them an alliance and protection but they argued over Henry’s marriage alliance whilst Perkin Warbeck was still around it went ahead but Arthur died and Ferdinand became uninterested in marriage
What was Henry’s relationship like with Scotland
James offered to harbour Perkin Warbeck and would let him go over the border into England but this encouraged Henry to raise an army to invade Scotland = Cornish Rebellion = Truce of Ayton = Warbeck executed = Marriage of James and Margaret
What was Henry’s relationship like with Ireland
Kildare was a threat due to his Yorkist Sympathisers = Henry making his young son Lieutenant = Poynings success but was too expensive = Kildare losing Yorkist interest = Him becoming loyal to Henry
Summarise Henry’s Foreign Policy
Dynastic security weakened after the death of Arthur in 1503, he was largely successful in foreign policy, Henry was aware of the influence that luck and he responded overall skilfully to the changing circumstances in which he found himself
Describe the Nobility under Henry VII
50-60 men who were controlled through bonds and recognisances due to them illegally retaining to withhold their power also Henry only trusted Lancastrians and they got more power than others
Describe the Gentry under Henry VII
Great Landowners who could gain knighthoods to show their status, they 15-20% of the country’s land they were claimed as social climbers so the hierarchy within was not a fixed one
Describe Commoners under Henry VII
Commoners were below most. The labourers position was very insecure. Labourers could supplement their irregular income through farming. Their position was very insecure
Describe Churchmen under Henry VII
Social status varied enormously. Bishops and abbots of larger religious houses were important figures. Henry VII only appointed legate and those who had administrative competence.
What was the regional division in place under Henry VII
Three quarters of the population lived below a line drawn roughly from the mouth of the Tees to Weymouth in Dorset in terms of agriculture (lowland). The South and East were of mixed farming, whereas the North and West were of Pastoral farming (highland).
Summarise Society under Henry VII
Stable: For most of Henry’s reign, most English people remained peaceful most of the time, and the various pretenders and claimants were unable to attract much support. The Yorkshire and Cornish Rebellion were exceptions and were easily supressed.
What was Early English Exploration like under Henry VII
England was slow to get involved. John Cabot received authorisation from Henry VII to look for new land for England to take or trade with. Cabot established that a substantial land mass did exist within reasonable sailing from Europe (America).
What was the state of Prosperity and Depression under Henry VII
Apart from a temporary rise in the 1480s, prices seem to have remained steady. Evidence suggests that much the same happened with wages. Reduction in farming profitability. Building workers and agricultural labourers were better off during the 1490s
What Trade Laws and Treaty’s were put in place during Henry VII reign
1486- Trading restrictions removed then the 1493- Embargos on trade with the Netherlands then the 1503-Henry tries to re-impose embargos on Netherlands and finally in 1506- Negotiates Intercursus Malus.
What was the state of Industry under Henry VII
Wool and Cloth: 60% value increase and made up 90% of exports
Summarise the economy under Henry VII
There were temporary disruptions to Anglo-Netherlands trade with the Hanseatic League. The economy remained firmly based on agriculture, with a leavening of small-scale industrial enterprises. Dynastic interests always prevailed over commercial interests when the two appeared to clash.
How did Henry maintain the Chruch
Employment opportunities arose, the opportunity to advance themselves socially through the attainment of high office in Church and State. The Church made it easier for the social and political elites to maintain social control through its encouragement of good behaviour, obedience and stress on the values of the community.
Who and how did they run the Church
Church was held by the Pope in Rome, who wielded considerable spiritual power. the general relationship between Church and State was Erastian.
How was The Church ran in England
In England, the Church was administered through the provinces of Canterbury and York, each under the jurisdiction of an archbishop and seventeen dioceses, which were each under the control of a bishop.
Who were the Senior Clergymen
The senior clergymen were, on the whole, highly competent and conscientious professionals, often with legal training, who performed their duties to both Church and State effectively
What was Lollardy
It placed stress on the understanding of the bible and therefore favoured its translation into English. Their views were considered heresy but still persisted in the southern parts of England.
How did Humanism influence Education
Grammar schools were also introduced in place of secondary education. University education rested on the ancient universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
What was the most important form of art at the time
The most important art form of the time was drama. The most popular plays were mystery plays with religious morals. Music was also enjoyed at various levels, but the most important surviving source of music heard in cathedrals and other major churches
What happened to Church buildings
There was a massive amount of building and rebuilding of Parish churches that occurred around this time and the vast majority were built in the Gothic perpendicular style. English culture still followed the Gothic traditions of north-western Europe with an allegedly primitive visual style.
Summarise all of the above under Henry
The English Church was in a generally healthy state as the relationships between both Church and State and between King and Pope were generally positive. The major functions of the Church were fulfilled tolerably . However, the Church was remarkably effective in fulfilling what people perceived as their spiritual needs. The relationships between the Church and education and culture remained strong.