1.1: Henry VII (1485-1509)

Question 1

Give three of the eight ways Henry immediately consolidated his power

Answer 1

The Dating of his reign, His Coronation and The Curation of An heir

Question 2

Summarise in one sentence why Henrys position was insecure

Answer 2

He killed a Yorkist and he also had no wealth so Marg of Burgundy posed a threat

Question 3

What was the significance of The Simnel Rebellion

Answer 3

His position was safer than before but still uncertain, shown leadership qualities and policy of bonds for good behaviour started to be used

Question 4

What was The Lambert Simnel Rebellion (1487)

Answer 4

A 10 year old would claim to be a Yorkist Prince (Earl of Warwick who was imprisoned) to gain financial support to create a big military threat financed by Margaret of Burgundy

Question 5

Why was Perkin Warbeck a pain in the arse to Henry

Answer 5

Pretended to be Richard (Duke of York), he started in Ireland then moved to court in France but had to leave in 1492 due to the Treaty of Etaples he was trained by Margaret then he tried in England but had to flee to Scotland finally he was involved in the Cornish Rebellion

Question 6

What were Crown Lands

Answer 6

Land confiscated under The Acts of Attainder it went from £12000 in 1486 to £42000 in 1508

Question 7

What were Feudal Dues

Answer 7

Traditional rights held by the crown to demand money eg: Wardship and Marriages went from £350 to £6000/year by 1507 and £30000 was raised for the Knighting of Prince Arthur

Question 8

What were Benevolences

Answer 8

Forced loans that weren’t repaid in 1491 the King raised £48000 to fund an invasion with France

Question 9

What was the Royal Council

Answer 9

They advised the King also administering the realm and make legal judgements it consisted of Nobility, Churchmen and Laymen

Question 10

What was The Council Learned in Law

Answer 10

Maintain the Kings revenue and exploit its prerogative rights led by Empson and Dudley after Sir Reg Bray died in 1503

Question 11

What were The Acts of Attainder

Answer 11

The Declaration of finding a nobleman guilty of a crime against the Crown is usually Treason. 1485-1487: 56 people and in 1495:24 people

Question 12

Summarise Henry’s Government

Answer 12

Henry’s government was a strictly controlled and calculated scheme which Henry manipulated for the countries’ – and his own – gain. The council learned helped Henry to increase his income and allowed him to conduct justice without the use of a court.

Question 13

What was Henry’s relationship like with Brittany and France

Answer 13

1487: French Invasion of Brittany = Henry was alarmed so he raised taxation = Yorkshire Rebellion but England and Brittany had agreed the Treaty of Redon 1489 but Anne surrendered to Charles marrying him so Henry invaded then came the Treaty of Etaples and peace was ensued

Question 14

What was Henrys relationship like with Burgundy

Answer 14

Phillip allowing the harbouring of Perkin Warbeck = Henry placed a Trade Embargo upon Burgundy in 1493 but relinquished it in 1506 where Intercursus Malus (put in a stronger trade deal in Henry’s favour) was agreed due to Phillip agreeing not to harbour Perkin Warbeck any longer

Question 15

What was Henry’s relationship like with Spain

Answer 15

Treaty of Medina Del Campo gave them an alliance and protection but they argued over Henry’s marriage alliance whilst Perkin Warbeck was still around it went ahead but Arthur died and Ferdinand became uninterested in marriage

Question 16

What was Henry’s relationship like with Scotland

Answer 16

James offered to harbour Perkin Warbeck and would let him go over the border into England but this encouraged Henry to raise an army to invade Scotland = Cornish Rebellion = Truce of Ayton = Warbeck executed = Marriage of James and Margaret

Question 17

What was Henry’s relationship like with Ireland

Answer 17

Kildare was a threat due to his Yorkist Sympathisers = Henry making his young son Lieutenant = Poynings success but was too expensive = Kildare losing Yorkist interest = Him becoming loyal to Henry

Question 18

Summarise Henry’s Foreign Policy

Answer 18

Dynastic security weakened after the death of Arthur in 1503, he was largely successful in foreign policy, Henry was aware of the influence that luck and he responded overall skilfully to the changing circumstances in which he found himself

Question 19

Describe the Nobility under Henry VII

Answer 19

50-60 men who were controlled through bonds and recognisances due to them illegally retaining to withhold their power also Henry only trusted Lancastrians and they got more power than others

Question 20

Describe the Gentry under Henry VII

Answer 20

Great Landowners who could gain knighthoods to show their status, they 15-20% of the country’s land they were claimed as social climbers so the hierarchy within was not a fixed one

Question 21

Describe Commoners under Henry VII

Answer 21

Commoners were below most. The labourers position was very insecure. Labourers could supplement their irregular income through farming. Their position was very insecure

Question 22

Describe Churchmen under Henry VII

Answer 22

Social status varied enormously. Bishops and abbots of larger religious houses were important figures. Henry VII only appointed legate and those who had administrative competence.

Question 23

What was the regional division in place under Henry VII

Answer 23

Three quarters of the population lived below a line drawn roughly from the mouth of the Tees to Weymouth in Dorset in terms of agriculture (lowland). The South and East were of mixed farming, whereas the North and West were of Pastoral farming (highland).

Question 24

Summarise Society under Henry VII

Answer 24

Stable: For most of Henry’s reign, most English people remained peaceful most of the time, and the various pretenders and claimants were unable to attract much support. The Yorkshire and Cornish Rebellion were exceptions and were easily supressed.

Question 25

What was Early English Exploration like under Henry VII

Answer 25

England was slow to get involved. John Cabot received authorisation from Henry VII to look for new land for England to take or trade with. Cabot established that a substantial land mass did exist within reasonable sailing from Europe (America).

Question 26

What was the state of Prosperity and Depression under Henry VII

Answer 26

Apart from a temporary rise in the 1480s, prices seem to have remained steady. Evidence suggests that much the same happened with wages. Reduction in farming profitability. Building workers and agricultural labourers were better off during the 1490s

Question 27

What Trade Laws and Treaty’s were put in place during Henry VII reign

Answer 27

1486- Trading restrictions removed then the 1493- Embargos on trade with the Netherlands then the 1503-Henry tries to re-impose embargos on Netherlands and finally in 1506- Negotiates Intercursus Malus.

Question 28

What was the state of Industry under Henry VII

Answer 28

Wool and Cloth: 60% value increase and made up 90% of exports

Question 29

Summarise the economy under Henry VII

Answer 29

There were temporary disruptions to Anglo-Netherlands trade with the Hanseatic League. The economy remained firmly based on agriculture, with a leavening of small-scale industrial enterprises. Dynastic interests always prevailed over commercial interests when the two appeared to clash.

Question 30

How did Henry maintain the Chruch

Answer 30

Employment opportunities arose, the opportunity to advance themselves socially through the attainment of high office in Church and State. The Church made it easier for the social and political elites to maintain social control through its encouragement of good behaviour, obedience and stress on the values of the community.

Question 31

Who and how did they run the Church

Answer 31

Church was held by the Pope in Rome, who wielded considerable spiritual power. the general relationship between Church and State was Erastian.

Question 32

How was The Church ran in England

Answer 32

In England, the Church was administered through the provinces of Canterbury and York, each under the jurisdiction of an archbishop and seventeen dioceses, which were each under the control of a bishop.

Question 33

Who were the Senior Clergymen

Answer 33

The senior clergymen were, on the whole, highly competent and conscientious professionals, often with legal training, who performed their duties to both Church and State effectively

Question 34

What was Lollardy

Answer 34

It placed stress on the understanding of the bible and therefore favoured its translation into English. Their views were considered heresy but still persisted in the southern parts of England.

Question 35

How did Humanism influence Education

Answer 35

Grammar schools were also introduced in place of secondary education. University education rested on the ancient universities of Oxford and Cambridge.

Question 36

What was the most important form of art at the time

Answer 36

The most important art form of the time was drama. The most popular plays were mystery plays with religious morals. Music was also enjoyed at various levels, but the most important surviving source of music heard in cathedrals and other major churches

Question 37

What happened to Church buildings

Answer 37

There was a massive amount of building and rebuilding of Parish churches that occurred around this time and the vast majority were built in the Gothic perpendicular style. English culture still followed the Gothic traditions of north-western Europe with an allegedly primitive visual style.

Question 38

Summarise all of the above under Henry

Answer 38

The English Church was in a generally healthy state as the relationships between both Church and State and between King and Pope were generally positive. The major functions of the Church were fulfilled tolerably . However, the Church was remarkably effective in fulfilling what people perceived as their spiritual needs. The relationships between the Church and education and culture remained strong.