11) Fat, Carbohydrate, Water, Mineral, Electrolyte, and Vitamin Requirements in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence Flashcards
What must the energy balance during childhood and adolescence balance?
- Energy expenditure
- A level of physical activity that is consistent with good health
- Must include energy associated with tissue deposition
The energy requirements for growth are (low/high) in comparison to maintenance.
low
The energy requirements for growth are low in comparison to maintenance, apart from which period? Why?
The first few months of life, in which growth is substantial
What are the two components for the energy needs for growth? (2)
1) Energy used to synthesize growing tissues
2) Energy deposited in those tissues
The energy cost of growth in children is largely derived from which children?
Pre-term infants and children recovering from malnutrition
In practicality, when is the energy cost of growth particularly an issue in infancy?
Only during the first half of infancy, in which energy deposition contributes significantly to energy requirements
What equation is used to predict the TEE for individuals aged 0 to 2 years old? How does it vary between boys and girls?
- EER = TEE + Energy Deposition
- It does not vary between sexes
The number of calories required for energy deposition (decreases/increases) as infancy progresses.
decreases
How is the energy content of tissue deposition computed?
From rates of protein and fat deposition
Why isn’t the PAL included in the calculation to determine the EER of individuals aged 0 to 2 years old?
Because there is very little physical activity
What allows for the determination of whether a child is acquiring a sufficient quantity of calories?
Growth velocity
How does the determination of energy status compare between growth velocity and growth charts?
- Growth velocity is a sensitive indicator of energy status
- Indicates whether growth faltering is occurring earlier than growth charts
What does weight velocity indicate? What does length velocity indicate?
- Weight velocity indicates acute episodes of dietary intake
- Length velocity indicates chronic factors
When are nutrient requirements on a per-weight basis highest in the life cycle? Why?
- During the first six months of life
- Characterized by the most rapid growth rates
Pre-mature infants possess an energy requirement around __% higher than term infants.
20
Why do pre-mature infants possess a greater energy requirement than term infants?
1) They have a higher basal metabolic rate
2) They have a lower coefficient of absorption of fats and carbohydrates
On a per-kilogram basis, energy expenditure is two times (smaller/greater) in infants than in adults.
greater
What are the primary organs contributing to the infant’s basal metabolism?
- Brain
- Liver
- Heart
- Kidney
What does the transition from an intrauterine to an extrauterine environment alter in the infant?
Causes an increase in oxygen consumption in the infant
Why do infants have a proportionally high BMR for their size?
Increased oxygen consumption of vital organs in proportion to their weight
How does the energy cost of growth vary throughout the first month of life?
- 35% during the first month
- 3% at 12 months
- 1% at 5 years old
What are the periods associated a greater energy cost of growth?
- Infancy (0 to 2 months)
- Adolescent growth spurt
What does the exposure of a newborn to mild cold result in? What does the exposure of a newborn to even lower temperature result in?
- Non-shivering thermogenesis (cold)
- Shivering thermogenesis (colder)
What is the most important contribution to non-shivering thermogenesis?
An increase in fatty acid oxidation in BAT
How does the quantity of BAT vary between infants and adults?
Infants possess a greater quantity of BAT than adults
How does the function of WAT compare to BAT?
- WAT is primarily used as a site for energy storage
- BAT is used to burn fat to produce heat and regulate body temperature
What are structural characteristics of BAT that contribute to its function? (4)
- Highly vascularized
- Innervated by the CNS
- Multilocular (multiple lipid droplets)
- Greater proportion of mitochondria
What structure is responsible for the production of energy dissipated as heat in BAT?
- UCP1 is responsible for the uncoupling of oxidative respiration from ATP production
- Increases proton leakage across the inner membrane of the mitochondria of BAT
Where is UCP1 contained? What is it activated by?
- Contained in the mitochondria
- Activated by free fatty acids and the sympathetic nervous system
What is UCP1 inhibited by in a thermoneutral state?
The presence of ATP in the cytoplasm
How may white adipocytes influence BAT cells?
May play an inflammatory role by producing cytokines and chemokines, which can cause a cytotoxic effect on BAT cells
As the child ages, physical activity becomes a (smaller/larger) component of the TEE.
larger
What equation is used to predict the TEE for individuals aged 3 to 8 years old? How does it vary between boys and girls?
- EER = TEE + Energy deposition
- The EER is higher in boys than in girls
Why is the EER higher in boys than in girls (aged 3 to 8 years old)? (2)
1) Weight differences
2) Fat-free mass differences
What are the three factors that contribute to the BMR? (3)
1) Mass of metabolically active tissue
2) Proportion of each tissue
3) Contribution of each tissue to energy metabolism
What is the energy cost of growth based on in children aged 3 to 8 years old?
Weight gain, protein and fat deposition
What is the energy deposition in children aged 3 to 8 years old?
20 kilocalories per day
What may the calculation of energy needs in the case of catch-up growth utilize? (2)
1) The 50th percentile of weight or height for the age
2) Energy requirement of the actual age multiplied by 1.2 to 1.5 or 1.5 to 2.0
What is the energy deposition in adolescents aged 9 to 18 years old?
25 kilocalories per day
What is the energy deposition in adolescents during the peak growth spurt?
Increase (30 kilocalories per day)
What is the energy deposition in adolescents during the peak growth spurt?
Increase (30 kilocalories per day)
What may increase energy requirements during adolescence? (2)
1) Development of reproductive organs and secondary changes during puberty
2) Occupational and recreational physical activity
What forms the bulk of active metabolic tissue?
Fat-free mass
Why is there a higher energy and nutrient requirement in adolescent boys?
Marked gender differences in terms of the intensity and duration of the growth spurt leads to disparities in terms of the fat-free mass
Growth is relatively (slow/fast) during adolescence.
- slow
- Apart from the adolescent growth spurt
There are __ grams of carbohydrates per liter of milk.
74
What volume of milk is consumed in infants from 0 to 6 months? What percentage of the milk corresponds to carbohydrates?
- 0.78 liters per day
- 37% of the total intake is derived from carbohydrates
What is the median carbohydrate intake from weaning foods?
50 grams per day
What volume of milk is consumed in infants from 6 to 12 months?
0.6 liters per day (44 grams of carbohydrates per day)
What is the carbohydrate recommendation in infants aged 0 to 6 months?
60 grams per day (AI)
What is the carbohydrate recommendation in infants aged 6 to 12 months?
95 grams per day (AI)
What is the effect of non-milk extrinsic sugars in children?
Produce a dilution effect in terms of micronutrients
What is the carbohydrate requirement for infants above the age of 1?
130 grams per day (RDA)