1.1 Cell Specialization

Question 1

Stem Cells

Answer 1

Unspecialized cells

Question 2

2 key qualities of stem cells

Answer 2

Self Renewal

Potency

Question 3

Self Renewal

Answer 3

Can continuously divide and replicate

Question 4

Potency

Answer 4

Have the capability to differentiate

Question 5

4 main types of stem cells

Answer 5

Totipotent

Pluripotent

Multipotent

Unipotent

Question 6

Totipotent

Answer 6

Can form any type of cells and EXTRA embryonic TISSUE

Question 7

Pluripotent

Answer 7

Can form any type of cell (like embryonic stem cells)

Question 8

Multipotent

Answer 8

Can differentiate into closely related cell types

Question 9

Unipotent

Answer 9

Can NOT differentiate but are capable of SELF RENEWAL

Question 10

Adult Stem cells are what?

Answer 10

Unipotent and mulitpotent

Question 11

Fetal stem cells may be…

Answer 11

Multipontent or pluripotent

Question 12

Embryonic stem cells may be…

Answer 12

Pluripotent or totipotent

Question 13

Stem cells can

Answer 13

replace damaged or diseased cells with healthy ones

Question 14

Therapeutic procedure of stem cells

Answer 14

• Harvesting stem cellls
• Using biochemical solutions to trigger cell differentiation

-Surgically implanting news cells into patients

• Suppressing host immune system to prevent rejection
• Monitoring new cells to ensure nothing is cancerous

Question 15

Therapeutic Example

Answer 15

Stargardt’s Disease

Parkinson’s Disease

Leukemia

Question 16

Stargardt’s Disease Condition

Answer 16

Macular degeneration

Question 17

Stargardt’s Disease Treatment

Answer 17

Replace defective retinal cells

Question 18

Parkinson’s Diease Condition

Answer 18

Death of nerve tissue

Question 19

Parkinson’s Disease Treatment

Answer 19

Replace damaged nerve cells

Question 20

Leukemia conditions

Answer 20

Cancer of the blood

Question 21

Leukemia Treatment

Answer 21

Replacement of bone marrow

Question 22

Ethics of Stem Cell Use in EMBRYO

Answer 22

Growth Potential: High (pluripotent)

Tumor Risk: Higher

Harvesting: Can be generated artificially by SCNT

Question 23

Disadvantages of Embryo

Answer 23

Requires destruction of the embryo.

(Results in the loss of a potential)

Question 24

Ethics of using umbilical cord blood

Answer 24

Growth potential: Low (multipotent)

Tumor Risk: Low

Harvesting: Easily obtained and stored. Preserved

Question 25

Disadvantages of Umbilical Cord Blood

Answer 25

Cells must be stored from birth at cost

–Raises issues of financial accidentally

Question 26

Ethics of Adult Tissue

Answer 26

Growth Potential: Low (multipotent)

Tumour risk: Low

Harvesting: Invasive to extract

Question 27

Disadvantages of Adult Tissue

Answer 27

Maybe be restrictions in scope/availability

Question 28

Differentiation

Answer 28

The expression of some genes and not others in the cell’s genome (selective gene expression)

Question 29

Cell Specialization

Answer 29

The activation of different genes within a given cell will cause it to develop differently

Question 30

Active genes loosely packed

Answer 30

Euchromatin

Question 31

Inactive genes are packed tight

Answer 31

heterochromatin