1.1: Building Memories

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

persistence of learning over time/information that’s stored/ can be retrieved

Question 2

3 parts of memory:

Answer 2

• encoding
• storage
• retrieval

Question 3

Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory: (3 stages)

Answer 3

• sensory memory:

1st recorded info

• short-term:

process info/ rehearse details

• long-term:

encoded for later retrieval

Question 4

Give an example of the 3 stages of memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin model)

Answer 4

*** sensory, short-term, long-term

Question 5

Why is working memory a useful way to describe how we process memory?

Answer 5

it’s an active, working process that’s ongoing to put/ keep memory into long-term

Question 6

parallel processing- define and example

Answer 6

doing many things at once

i.e. workers in a factory

Question 7

automatically process-

Answer 7

without conscious effort

Question 8

3 steps of automatic processing:

Answer 8

space: visualize space where information was (i.e. visualize space where specific words were on the page)

time: note the sequence of day’s events (i.e. I woke up, went to school, came home)

frequency: track how many times things happen (i.e. I brushed my teeth twice today)

Question 9

how does effortful processing become more automatic over time?

Answer 9

your brain becomes sharper at looking at things- you train it

Question 10

3 examples of effortful processing

Answer 10

- rehearsal- repetition

spacing effect- remembering information over more time

serial position effect- remember first (primacy) and last (recency) things best

Question 11

how is the spacing effect related to practice and recall?

Answer 11

distribute practice over longer period of time—- retain more info— better recall

Question 12

serial position effect

Answer 12

• remembering a sequence of things
• primacy- 1st things
• recency- last things

Question 13

shallow processing vs deep processing

Answer 13

shallow- surface-level, brush over info

deep- detailed info, making connections

Question 14

how does adding meaning improve retrieval/ reduce effort

Answer 14

adds more significance/ relatable

Question 15

self-reference effect

Answer 15

make a personal connection— better memory

i.e. remembering song lyrics connected to your life

Question 16

chunking

Answer 16

splitting things into recognizeable chunks

Question 17

mnemonic

Answer 17

a way of remembering words

Question 18

Semantic encoding

Answer 18

the processing of sensory input that has particular meaning or can be applied to a context. Various strategies can be applied such as chunking and mnemonics to aid in encoding, and sometimes, allow deep processing, and optimizing retrieval.