11) Basic concepts of organic chemistry

Question 1

Define hydrocarbon

Answer 1

a compound containing carbon and hydrogen only

Question 2

Define saturated

Answer 2

single bonds only

Question 3

Define unsaturated

Answer 3

contains carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds

Question 4

Define homologous series

Answer 4

a family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a -CH2- group

Question 5

Define alkanes

Answer 5

the simplest hydrocarbon homologous series with single carbon-to-carbon bonds and the general formula CnH2n+2

Question 6

What are the bond angles around a carbon atom in an alkane?

Answer 6

109.5 degrees

Question 7

Define functional group

Answer 7

the part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties

Question 8

Define aliphatic

Answer 8

carbon atoms joined to each other in unbranched (straight) or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings

Question 9

Define alicyclic

Answer 9

carbon atoms joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures, with or without branches

Question 10

Define aromatic

Answer 10

some or all carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring

Question 11

What prefix is used for cyclic alkanes?

Answer 11

cyclo-

Question 12

Alkenes contain at least one…?

Answer 12

C=C bond

Question 13

Alkynes contain at least one…?

Answer 13

carbon-to-carbon triple bond

Question 14

What is the stem for 1 carbon atom?

Answer 14

meth-

Question 15

What is the stem for 2 carbon atoms?

Answer 15

eth-

Question 16

What is the stem for 3 carbon atoms?

Answer 16

prop-

Question 17

What is the stem for 4 carbon atoms?

Answer 17

but-

Question 18

What is the stem for 5 carbon atoms?

Answer 18

pent-

Question 19

What is the stem for 6 carbon atoms?

Answer 19

hex-

Question 20

What is the stem for 7 carbon atoms?

Answer 20

hept-

Question 21

What is the stem for 8 carbon atoms?

Answer 21

oct-

Question 22

What is the stem for 9 carbon atoms?

Answer 22

non-

Question 23

What is the stem for 10 carbon atoms?

Answer 23

dec-

Question 24

What should you do when a suffix starts with a constant?

Answer 24

keep the final letter -e of the alkane stem

Question 25

What is the functional group and suffix for an alkene?

Answer 25

C=C | -ene

Question 26

What is the functional group, prefix and suffix for an alcohol?

Answer 26

-OH hydroxy- -ol

Question 27

What is the functional group and prefix for a haloalkane?

Answer 27

-Cl, -Br, -I | chloro-, bromo-, iodo-

Question 28

What is the functional group and suffix for an aldehyde?

Answer 28

- CHO | - al

Question 29

What is the functional group and suffix for a ketone?

Answer 29

- C(CO)C- | - one

Question 30

What is the functional group and suffix for a carboxylic acid?

Answer 30

- COOH | - oic acid

Question 31

What is the functional group and suffix for an ester?

Answer 31

- COOC- | - oate

Question 32

What is the functional group and suffix for an acyl chloride?

Answer 32

- COCl | - oyl chloride

Question 33

What is the functional group, prefix and suffix for an amine?

Answer 33

-NH2 amino- -amine

Question 34

What is the functional group and suffix for a nitrile?

Answer 34

- CN | - nitrile

Question 35

What does a molecular formula show?

Answer 35

the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule

Question 36

What is an empirical formula?

Answer 36

simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound

Question 37

What is a general formula?

Answer 37

simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series

Question 38

What is the general formula of an alkane?

Answer 38

CnH2n+2

Question 39

What is the general formula of an alkene?

Answer 39

CnH2n

Question 40

What is the general formula of an alcohol?

Answer 40

CnH2n+1OH

Question 41

What is the general formula of a carboxylic acid?

Answer 41

CnH2nO2

Question 42

What is the general formula of a ketone?

Answer 42

CnH2nO

Question 43

What does a displayed formula show?

Answer 43

the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

Question 44

What does a structural formula use?

Answer 44

the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule

Question 45

What is a skeletal formula?

Answer 45

simplified organic formula which only shows a carbon skeleton and any functional groups

Question 46

Define structural isomers

Answer 46

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 47

Describe homolytic bond fission

Answer 47

covalent bond breaks and each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of e- from the bond each atom/group of atoms with an unpaired e- is a radical

Question 48

Describe heterolytic bond fission

Answer 48

covalent bond breaks and one of the bonded atoms takes both of the e- from the bond forms a negative and a positive ion

Question 49

Define reaction mechanism

Answer 49

the sequence of bond-breaking and bond-forming steps that shows the path taken by electrons during a reaction

Question 50

What are curly arrows used to show?

Answer 50

the movement of e- pairs when bonds are being broken or made

Question 51

Describe an addition reaction

Answer 51

two reactants join together to form one product

Question 52

Describe a substitution reaction

Answer 52

an atom/group of atoms is replaced by a different atom/group of atoms

Question 53

Describe an elimination reaction

Answer 53

the removal of a small molecule from a larger one so that one reactant molecule forms two products