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CLASS 102 > 11: Apollo > Flashcards

11: Apollo Flashcards

1
Q

2 Origins of Apollo

A

Possibly from Lycia in Asia Minor
* epithet: Lycian
* found in many cult sites
* Possibly: “wolf-like”. G. Lykos: “wolf” and connection with shepherds

Possibly somehwere in North
* Hyperboreans: “beyond the north wind”
* send annual offerings to Delian Apollo (from Delos)
* mythical people who were devout worshippers of Apollo to whom he was known to travel in a chariot pulled by swans

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1
Q

What is Apollo God of

A
  • Poetry, in origin of shepherd god
  • Propechy at Delphi
  • Medicine: destroyer and healer
    –> destroyer because him and Artemis sent to kill children
    –> Archer god. Has son named Asclepius who is the God of Healing
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2
Q

Significane of name apollo

A
  • Only Greek god who doesn’t have Roman name. Just Apollo for Romans
  • Name is most likely non-Hellenic and has false etymology from G. apollumi: “to destroy:
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3
Q

Geneaology of Apollo

A
  • He is the son of Zeus and Leto and is the twin brother to Artemis
  • Epithet: Phoebus (sun) meaning “Bright” and “Shining” compared to Artemis epithet of Phoebe (moon)
  • Later becomes Sun god and replaces Hyperion and Helius
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4
Q

How many parts in The Homeric Hymn to Apollo

A

2

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5
Q

1st part of The Homeric Hymn to Apollo

A
  • Hymn to Delian Apollo
  • Apollo: God of Music
  • Hera tries to prevent birth of Leto. Only Delos allows it. Apollo’s obligations are to build a temple and establish oracle
  • Leto suffers labor for 9 days and is finally assisted by Eileithyia (Goddess of Childbirth)
  • Variant: Artemis is born first and assists in Apollo’s birth
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6
Q

2nd part of The Homeric Hymn to Apollo

A
  • Hymn to Pythian Apollo (from Pytha)
  • Apollo seeks location for oracle: Crisa at the foot of Mt. Parnassus
  • He must first slay a dragon, which is left to rot. G. Pytho: “to rot”. Variant: dragon’s name is Python
  • Epithet: Pythian Apollo
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7
Q

Background of Apollo in Delphi

A
  • Delphi originally the oracle of mother goddess known as Ge-Themis
  • Apollo slays dragon. Victory over autochthonous deity but exiled to Thessaly for 9 years by Zeus
  • Pythian Games: commemorates slaying of dragon. Pytho(n): dragon
    –> Pindar’s Pythian Odes: about winners of Pythian games
  • The Omphalos: an egg shaped stone meaning navel. Delphi as navel of the Greek world.
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8
Q

Apollo Dolphin Epithet

A
  • Apollo transforms himself into a dolphin. G. Delphis/Apollo Delphinius
  • Commandeers Cretan ship as a dolphin and converts Cretan sailors into attendants
  • Etiology for: Delphi as sanctuary name (Panhellenic) and God of sailors and colonization
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9
Q

Oracle of Apollo (and where?)

A
  • Oracle of Apollo at Delphi
  • Pythia: prophetess of Apollo
  • She sat upon a tripod, a symbol or source of divine power
  • She is inspired/possessed by Apollo, possibly due to a medium, hallucinogens, or vapours from Chasm: incoherent ravings interpreted by priests and Epic Meter (Greek pentameter)
  • Epiteth of Apollo in this connection: Loxias: “Crooked” and “Devious”
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10
Q

Apollo’s lovers

A
  • Cassandra
  • Sibyl
  • Marpessa
  • Daphne (L. Laurel)
  • Hyacinthus
  • Coronis
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11
Q

Apollo and Cassandra
(Who is Cassandra)

A
  • Cassandra is the daughter of Priam, King of Troy
  • Apollo gives the gift of true prophecy to Cassandra if she has sex with him but she has a change of mind. Apollo makes it so that her prophecies are never believed
  • A “Cassandra” means anyone whose dire propechies are ignored
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12
Q

Apollo and Sibyl (who is Sibyl)

A
  • Sibyl of Cumae in Italy. Sibyl is also a generic name for a prophetess
  • Apollo offers as many years of life as grains of sand in hand in return for sexual favors
  • Sibyl reneges (changes her mind) and she has a long life without lasting youth
  • Apollo asks Sibyl “what do you want” and she answers “I want to die!”
  • Later tradition: turns into cicada and gets put into a cage and is asked the question by children
  • Sibylline books in Rome
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13
Q

Apollo and Marpessa

A

Apollo is in love with Marpessa but she is already in love with Idas, a mortal and argonaut. Apollo wants to fight Idas but Zeus intervenes and gives Marpessa a choice. She chooses Idas because she is afraid of abandonment in old age

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14
Q

Apollo and Daphne (who is she and what is her latin name)

A
  • Daphne (L. Laurel) is the daughter of river Peneus
  • Apollo boasts about slaying the dragon with bow and arrow to Cupid so Cupid shoots Daphne with leaden(avoidant) arrow and shoots gold (desire) tip to Apollo
  • Laurel calls for help from her father and she is transformed into a Laurel tree
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15
Q

Apollo and Hyacinthus (who is Hyacinthus)

A
  • Hyacinthus is a handsome spartan youth thinks he can outrun Apollo to fetch a discus. It hits and kills him and his blood spills into the ground.
  • Apollo causes Hyacinth flower to grow, which is worshipped annually at the tomb in Sparta in The Hyacinthia annual festival
  • Variant” Zephyrus is in love with Hyacinthus but he knows he cant win against Apollo so Zephyrus causes the discus to kill Hyacinthus
  • Hyacinthus a non INdo-European name: Indigenous fertility deity?
16
Q

Apollo and Coronis

A

Apollo impregnates Coronis and has a child named Asclepius (L. Aesculapius). Coronis has an affair with a mortal and a raven reports the affair to Apollo. Apollo takes the child out of her womb before he lights her on fire and he gives the child to Chiron (half human half horse) who becomes a mentor to Asclepius (possible origin of Cesarian birth). Apollo repents but cannot save Coronis and the raven is turned from white to black.

17
Q

Chiron and Asclepius

A

Chiron teaches Asclepius (son of Apollo and Coronis) healing arts. A single serpent around Asclepius’ staff is associated with healing but is later confused with Hermes’ Caduceus (medicine symbol of a staff with two snakes).

Asclepius has two daughters named Hygieia: “Health” and Panacea: “All-Healing”

The theater at Epidaurus at Sanctuary of Asclepius is one of the best preserved theathre

18
Q

Apollo and Marsyas (who?)

A
  • Marsyas is a Satyr (half man half goat) who challenges Apollo to a flute contest (invented by Athena)
  • The conditions of the contest is that the victor can do what he likes to loser
  • Apollo defeats Marsyas and flays him alive and Marsyas’ blood becomes the River Marsyas in Phyrgia
19
Q

Apollo and Pan

A

King Midas of Phyrgia worships Pan. Pan belittles music of Apollo so they have a contest where Pan plays the pipes and Apollo plays the lyre, Mt. Tmolus judges Apollo the winner. King Midas disagrees and Apollo transforms Midas’ ears to those of ass (donkey)

20
Q

Apollo Maxims

A
  • maxims: rule of conduct
  • Believed in “know thyself” and “nothing too much”
  • Knows by experience the dangers of excess

CLASS 102 (27 decks)

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