1.1 and 1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the capabilities of unicellular organisms?

A
  • Independent existence
  • Performing essential functions of life
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2
Q

Who was the first person to see and describe a live cell?

A

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

Who discovered the nucleus?

A

Robert Brown

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4
Q

How did the invention and improvement of the microscope contribute to our understanding of cells?

A
  • Revealed all the structural details of the cell
  • Electron microscope provided even higher resolution images
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5
Q

Who examined plants and discovered that all plants are composed of different kinds of cells?

A

Matthias Schleiden

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6
Q

What did Theodore Schwann discover about cells?

A

He discovered that cells have a thin outer layer called the plasma membrane.

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7
Q

Q: What did Schwann conclude about plant cells?

A

He concluded that plant cells have a unique characteristic: the presence of a cell wall.

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8
Q

Q: What hypothesis did Schwann propose based on his observations?

A

He proposed that the bodies of animals and plants are composed of cells and products of cells.

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9
Q

Q: Who formulated the cell theory?

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann together formulated the cell theory.

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10
Q

Q: Who explained how new cells are formed?

A

Rudolf Virchow explained that cells divide and new cells are formed from pre-existing cells.

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11
Q

Q: What are the two main principles of the modern cell theory?

A
  • All living organisms are composed of cells and their products.
  • Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
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12
Q

Q: What is the dense membrane-bound structure inside a cell that contains chromosomes?

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

What is the semi-fluid matrix occupying the volume of a cell called?

A

Cytoplasm

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14
Q

Q: What is the outer boundary of a plant cell called?

A

Cell wall

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15
Q

Q: What is the outer membrane of a human cheek cell called?

A

Cell membrane

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16
Q

Q: What are the non-membrane bound organelles found in all cells?

A

Ribosomes

17
Q

Q: What is the non-membrane bound organelle found in animal cells that helps in cell division?

A

Centrosome

18
Q

Q: How do cells vary in terms of size and shape?

A

Cells can vary greatly in size, ranging from the smallest cells like Mycoplasmas to larger cells like bacteria or the ostrich egg.

They also vary in shape, which can be disc-like, polygonal, columnar, cuboid, thread-like, or irregular.

19
Q

Q: What are some examples of prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma, and PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms).

20
Q

How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in terms of size and multiplication?

A

Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and multiply more rapidly than eukaryotic cells.

21
Q

Q: What are the four basic shapes of bacteria?

A

A: The four basic shapes of bacteria are bacillus (rod-like), coccus (spherical), vibrio (comma-shaped), and spirillum (spiral).

22
Q

Q: What are some common features of prokaryotic cells?

A

A: Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane, a fluid-filled cytoplasm, and genetic material that is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane. They may also contain small circular DNA called plasmids, which can confer unique traits like antibiotic resistance.

23
Q

Q: Are there any organelles in prokaryotic cells?

A

A: No, prokaryotic cells do not have organelles like eukaryotic cells, except for ribosomes.

24
Q

Q: What is a unique characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

A

A: Prokaryotic cells have a specialized form of cell membrane called mesosome, which consists of infoldings of the cell membrane.

25
Q

Q: How is the genetic material of prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells?

A

A: In prokaryotic cells, the genetic material is naked and not enveloped by a nuclear membrane, whereas eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that contains the genetic material.

26
Q

Q: What are plasmids and what role do they play in prokaryotic cells?

A

A: Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules found in many bacteria. They carry additional genetic information and can confer unique traits to the bacteria, such as antibiotic resistance.

27
Q

Q: What is the structure of the cell envelope in prokaryotic cells?

A

A: The cell envelope in prokaryotic cells consists of three layers: glycocalyx, cell wall, and plasma membrane.

28
Q

Q: How are bacteria classified based on their response to the Gram staining procedure?

A

A: Bacteria are classified into two groups: Gram-positive bacteria, which take up the Gram stain, and Gram-negative bacteria, which do not.

29
Q

Q: What is the role of glycocalyx in bacteria?

A

A: Glycocalyx can be a loose sheath called the slime layer or a thick and tough capsule. It helps protect the cell and may be involved in attachment to surfaces.

30
Q

Q: What is the function of the cell wall in bacteria?

A

A: The cell wall determines the shape of the cell and provides structural support to prevent the bacterium from bursting or collapsing.

31
Q

Q: How is the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells similar to that of eukaryotic cells?

A

A: The plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells is selectively permeable and interacts with the outside world, similar to the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells.

32
Q

Q: What is a mesosome in prokaryotic cells?

A

A: A mesosome is a specialized membranous structure formed by extensions of the plasma membrane into the cell. It plays roles in cell wall formation, DNA replication, and other cellular processes.

33
Q

Q: What are flagella in bacterial cells and what is their function?

A

A: Flagella are thin filamentous extensions from the cell wall that allow bacteria to move. They help the bacteria navigate their environment.

34
Q

Q: What are pili and fimbriae in bacterial cells?

A

A: Pili are elongated tubular structures made of a special protein, while fimbriae are small bristle-like fibers. They may help bacteria attach to surfaces or host tissues.

35
Q

Q: Where are ribosomes located in prokaryotic cells and what is their function?

A

A: Ribosomes are associated with the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells. They are responsible for protein synthesis, translating mRNA into proteins.

36
Q

Q: What are the two subunits that make up prokaryotic ribosomes and their sizes?

A

A: Prokaryotic ribosomes are made up of two subunits: 50S and 30S. When these subunits are together, they form 70S prokaryotic ribosomes.

37
Q

Q: What is the function of polyribosomes or polysomes?

A

A: Polyribosomes or polysomes are chains of several ribosomes attached to a single mRNA. They work together to translate the mRNA into proteins.

38
Q

Q: How do prokaryotic cells store reserve materials?

A

A: Reserve materials in prokaryotic cells are stored as inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm. These inclusion bodies are not bound by a membrane and can include substances like phosphate granules, cyanophycean granules, and glycogen granules.

39
Q

Q: What are gas vacuoles and in which bacteria are they found?

A

A: Gas vacuoles are present in certain types of bacteria, specifically blue-green and purple and green photosynthetic bacteria.