1.1 Anatomical Structural And Organization

Question 1

Explain what forms part of the conducting airways

Answer 1

Trachea , primary , secondary , tertiary bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

Question 2

The function of the conducting airways

Answer 2

Conduct , clean, warm and moisten air

Carry air to and from exchange surfaces - from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

Question 3

What prevents the alveoli to collapse

Answer 3

Surfactant- reduce surface tension

Question 4

What structures comprise the respiratory airways

Answer 4

Conducting system -> passageways that carry air to & form exchange surfaces [nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles and alveoli]
Respiratory system -> respiratory bronchioles and alveoli [where gas exhange takes place]

Question 5

Structures involved in ventilation

Answer 5

Skeletal & muscular
Pleural membranes
Neural pathways

Question 6

Basics of respiratory system

Answer 6

Bones
Muscles
Membranes

Question 7

On what are the pressure gradient relying on

Answer 7

Attachments of muscles to ribs
Attachment of diaphragm to base of lungs
Cohesion of parietal pleural membrane to visceral pleural membrane
Expansion and recoil of lungs and alveoli

Question 8

Components of respiratory defense system

Upper resp tract

Answer 8

Mucous cells and mucous glands -> produces mucus that bathes exposed surfaces
Nasal cavity -> cillia sweep mucus and trapped microorganisms , filtration hairs -> removes large particles

Question 9

Components of resp defense system

Lower respiratory tract

Answer 9

Cillia sweep debris trapped mucus towards pharynx for swallowing : mucus escalator - rate of mucus escalator depends on presence of upleasant stimuli - dust allergens and pathogens
Alveolar macrophages engulf small particles that reach lungs

Question 10

The 3 layers of respiratory membrane

Answer 10

Squamous epithelial cells lining the alveolus
Endothelial cells lining adjacent capillary
Fused basement membranes between alvoelar and endothelial cells -> diffusion of gasses

Question 11

Pneumonia / inflammation of lobules

Answer 11

Causes fluid to leak into alveoli -> comprises function of respiratory membrane

Question 12

How occur rapid diffusion across respiratory membrane

Answer 12

Distance between the membranes are short

O2 and CO2 are lipid soluble

Question 13

Respiratory epithelium - cellular transition from conducting airway to alveolus

Answer 13

The epithelial layer transitions from
Pseudostratified layer [with submucosal glands] to
Cuboidal epithelium then to
Squamous epthelium
Then underlying mesynchyme tissue , capillary structure changes with airway transition

Question 14

Why is gas exhange across blood air barrier quick and efficient

Answer 14

O2 and CO2 are small and lipid soluble
Diffrences in partial pressure across blood barrier are substaintial
Distances in gas exchange are short
Total surface are is large 
Blood flow and airflow are coordinated

Question 15

Why should fluid not accumulate in the alveoli

Answer 15

The fluid will reduce normal oxygen movement through the lungs and will cause shortness of breath that leads to pulmonary edema