11 Ag Science Flashcards
.001, H+, pH 3, T/F
True
Ethylene
Ripening of fruit.
Release of dormancy.
Stimulate shoot root growth.
Stimulate leaf abcission.
Cytokinins
Control major growth periods of the plant.
Link to ethylene to control abcission, flowers, leaves, fruits.
Stigma
Female part of the flower.
Top of pollen receptacle becomes style, leads to ovary.
Pistil
Female collective parts of flower.
Anther/Filament
Pollen producers Stamen.
Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Structure Soil
Percentage Sand, Silt, Clay
Nitrogen
Macro - involved in cell function division, protein synthesis, photosynthesis, transfer of Energy.
Epigeal Germination
Cotyledons pushed above soil line until provide energy until photosynthesis takes over.
Heritability
Phenotype = Genetics + Environment
30% Genetics
70% Environment
Sperm Morphology
Motility
Live Dead Ratio
Misshapen
Numbers
Environment/Management
Can influence phenotype e.g. supplementary feeding, shade, temperature, control, vaccination, irrigation, windbreak.
Protein
Crude Protein and NPN
Trumpeter
Gonadotrophin release controlled by Hypothalamus
Name the key player in ruminant protein digestion?
Microbes.
Explain the differences in the anatomy of a monogastric to a ruminant.
Monogastric only have one compartment to their stomach, whereas ruminants have four compartments: rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. Ruminants chew their food numerous times through a process called regurgitation or rumination.
The rumen is a fermentation tank.
Explain the design/operation of this tank.
The rumen hosts a diverse microbial ecosystem essential for breaking down plant materials. Initially, partially chewed food mixes with saliva in the rumen, then undergoes rumination (regurgitation and re-chewing). In the anaerobic environment of the rumen, microbes ferment complex carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which are absorbed and used as energy. Microbes also synthesise proteins, later digested by the ruminant. Fermentation gases are expelled by belching. Smaller food particles move to the omasum for further absorption, and the abomasum digests proteins from the food and microbes.
NaHCO3
Saliva.
The “Bomb Calorimeter” measures what?
Calories and Joules are units of energy which means a bomb calorimeter measures the amount of energy (in terms of heat) within a substance.
Calories/Kilojoules
A calorie is a unit that measures energy. Calories measure the energy content of foods and beverages
Protein Digestion
When protein is digested it is broken down into peptides (short chains amino acids) which then becomes NH4+ and NH3-
Two types of protein
Crude and NPN
Crude Protein (CP)
Protein that needs to be broken down to a usable form
NPN
Non Protein Nitrogen
Rumen Microbes
Major source of protein in a bovines diet. Break down CP and NPN to NH4+ and NH3-
Microbes Role.
Break down protein.
Continually flushes from the rumen to OMASUM to ABOMASUM.
Are then absorbed.
If energy is limited?
Poor quality feed.
Low microbe numbers.
Microbes become less efficient at using NH3- instead of being converted to microbial protein.
They are absorbed across rumen wall into bloodstream (liver), converted to urea, and excreted as urine.
