11 Ag Science

Question 1

.001, H+, pH 3, T/F

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Ethylene

Answer 2

Ripening of fruit.
Release of dormancy.
Stimulate shoot root growth.
Stimulate leaf abcission.

Question 3

Cytokinins

Answer 3

Control major growth periods of the plant.
Link to ethylene to control abcission, flowers, leaves, fruits.

Question 4

Stigma

Answer 4

Female part of the flower.
Top of pollen receptacle becomes style, leads to ovary.

Question 5

Pistil

Answer 5

Female collective parts of flower.

Question 6

Anther/Filament

Answer 6

Pollen producers Stamen.

Question 7

Photosynthesis

Answer 7

6 CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 8

Structure Soil

Answer 8

Percentage Sand, Silt, Clay

Question 9

Nitrogen

Answer 9

Macro - involved in cell function division, protein synthesis, photosynthesis, transfer of Energy.

Question 10

Epigeal Germination

Answer 10

Cotyledons pushed above soil line until provide energy until photosynthesis takes over.

Question 11

Heritability

Answer 11

Phenotype = Genetics + Environment
30% Genetics
70% Environment

Question 12

Sperm Morphology

Answer 12

Motility
Live Dead Ratio
Misshapen
Numbers

Question 13

Environment/Management

Answer 13

Can influence phenotype e.g. supplementary feeding, shade, temperature, control, vaccination, irrigation, windbreak.

Question 14

Protein

Answer 14

Crude Protein and NPN

Question 15

Trumpeter

Answer 15

Gonadotrophin release controlled by Hypothalamus

Question 16

Name the key player in ruminant protein digestion?

Answer 16

Microbes.

Question 17

Explain the differences in the anatomy of a monogastric to a ruminant.

Answer 17

Monogastric only have one compartment to their stomach, whereas ruminants have four compartments: rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. Ruminants chew their food numerous times through a process called regurgitation or rumination.

Question 18

The rumen is a fermentation tank.
Explain the design/operation of this tank.

Answer 18

The rumen hosts a diverse microbial ecosystem essential for breaking down plant materials. Initially, partially chewed food mixes with saliva in the rumen, then undergoes rumination (regurgitation and re-chewing). In the anaerobic environment of the rumen, microbes ferment complex carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which are absorbed and used as energy. Microbes also synthesise proteins, later digested by the ruminant. Fermentation gases are expelled by belching. Smaller food particles move to the omasum for further absorption, and the abomasum digests proteins from the food and microbes.

Question 19

NaHCO3

Answer 19

Saliva.

Question 20

The “Bomb Calorimeter” measures what?

Answer 20

Calories and Joules are units of energy which means a bomb calorimeter measures the amount of energy (in terms of heat) within a substance.

Question 21

Calories/Kilojoules

Answer 21

A calorie is a unit that measures energy. Calories measure the energy content of foods and beverages

Question 22

Protein Digestion

Answer 22

When protein is digested it is broken down into peptides (short chains amino acids) which then becomes NH4+ and NH3-

Question 23

Two types of protein

Answer 23

Crude and NPN

Question 24

Crude Protein (CP)

Answer 24

Protein that needs to be broken down to a usable form

Question 25

NPN

Answer 25

Non Protein Nitrogen

Question 26

Rumen Microbes

Answer 26

Major source of protein in a bovines diet. Break down CP and NPN to NH4+ and NH3-

Question 27

Microbes Role.

Answer 27

Break down protein.
Continually flushes from the rumen to OMASUM to ABOMASUM.
Are then absorbed.

Question 28

If energy is limited?
Poor quality feed.
Low microbe numbers.

Answer 28

Microbes become less efficient at using NH3- instead of being converted to microbial protein.
They are absorbed across rumen wall into bloodstream (liver), converted to urea, and excreted as urine.