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Developmental Psychology > 11. Adolescence > Flashcards

11. Adolescence Flashcards

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1
Q

Pruning

A

The process of ‘cutting’ synaptic connections

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2
Q

How does the wiring up of the brain of an adolescent compare to that of a child?

A

Young children tend to wire up everything. As you get older, wiring becomes more selective

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3
Q

The first 3 years of brain development is crucial for the development _____________________

A

of the brain’s emotion centres

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4
Q

How does the progression of brain development occur?

A

Bottom-top, inside-out

  1. Hindbrain/cerebellum (breathing etc)
  2. Midbrain (automatic things like emotion and memory)
  3. Cortex (controlled conscious processes)
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5
Q

2 important neural events in adolescence

A
  • Myelination

- Pruning

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6
Q

According to Strauch (2003), how do frontal lobes develop?

A
  • Peak at 11yo in girls
  • Peak at 12yo in boys
  • After peak, decreases and then continues to grow
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7
Q

What does myelination do?

A

increases brain efficiency, speed, connectivity up to 3000X

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8
Q

According to Nagel how do different regions of the brain develop over time?

A
  • Limbic = v sudden developments and then asymptotes

- prefrontal = slow and steady asymptote

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9
Q

How does neural processing in adolescents explain their emotional outbursts?

A

According to Nagel

  • adolescents have activation in the middle of their brain (gut reaction), where they cannot control
  • adults process in prefrontal cortex / more control
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10
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

characteristics that distinguish the sexes but are not sex organs

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11
Q

Impacts of early onset puberty on the sexes

A

Girls - more stress, high risk sexual behaviour

Boys - stressful

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12
Q

On average, the onset of puberty is much _____ than it used to be

A

younger (4 mths/decade)

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13
Q

What are some of the downsides of earlier puberty?

A
  • needing to find a socially acceptable way to express sexuality
  • social risks
  • body changes outstrip emotional capacity and maturity
  • sexualisation of children
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14
Q

Cognitive capacities in adolescences

A

Formal operations

  • more abstract
  • systematic
  • mental manipulations
  • hypothetico-deductive reasoning
  • propositional thinking (if then)
  • metacognitions (thinking about thinking)
  • perspective taking
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15
Q

Describe emotional development in adolescents

A

They have a more differentiated range of emotions but regulating them is a challenge (prefrontal cortex)

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16
Q

Adolescent suicide trends

A
  • rare under 14, rapid increase 15-19
  • rates of attempted suicide higher in girls
  • rates of completed suicide 4-5X greater in men
  • men = firearms
  • women = poisoning
17
Q

Internalising disorders

A

disorders characterised by internalising

18
Q

Externalising disorders

A

disorders characterised by maladaptive behaviour and conduct

19
Q

How does Erikson’s psychosocial theory provide insight into this?

A

emphasises importance of identity formation and stability in different contexts

20
Q

The ‘novice phase’

A

Period between 17-33 years about building a stable life structure.

  • Dreaming
  • Finding a mentor
  • Jobs
  • Intimate relationships
21
Q

Transition into adulthood takes place

A

28-33 years

22
Q

Why is adolescence described as a ‘moratorium’?

A

It is a period away from the safety of childhood but a moratorium from the responsibilities of adulthood

23
Q

Inner/private self vs Public self

A

Inner - values and beliefs

Public - traits/characteristics by which one is recognised by others

24
Q

What are the steps to resolving the identity vs role confusion stage?

A
  1. Autonomy
  2. Gender identity consolidation
  3. Internalised morality
  4. Career choice
  5. Fidelity (sustained values despite conflicts)
  6. Relationships
25
Q

According to Erikson, what will occur if the ‘crisis’ is not resolved?

A
  • role confusion
  • identity crisis
  • delinquency
  • aggression
  • anti social behaviour
26
Q
  1. Autonomy
A

An independent psychological status which recognises similarities and differences from parents while feeling connection.

27
Q
  1. Gender Identity Consolidation
A

Coming to terms with:

  • gender orientation
  • gender identity
  • sexual orientation
28
Q
  1. Internalised morality
A

the capacity to consider more abstract issues of social justice & multiple perspectives

29
Q

What sort of experiences promote moral reasoning in early adulthood?

A

moral challenges!

  • exposure to diversity
  • sub cultural relativity of moral code
30
Q
  1. Career choice - what factors influence it?
A
  • Familial factors
  • Individual factors
  • Societal factors
  • Situational factors
  • Socio-economic factors
31
Q

What does Arnett suggest about a ‘subjective sense of adulthood’?

A

That adulthood is not a time, but a feeling.
That demographic transitions are not as important as:
1. Accepting responsibility for yourself
2. Making independent decisions
3. Financial self sufficiency
4. Parenthood
MANY DO NOT REACH THIS STAGE!

32
Q

What is the ‘Peter Pan’ phenomenon?

A

The delayed movement into adulthood by later generations

33
Q

What did the Young Adult Aspirations Survey find?

A
  • Majority of adults aged 20-29 had done NONE of the traditional rites of passage things towards forming families
  • sequencing of life events is diverse

Developmental Psychology (11 decks)

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