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IB SL Biology > 1.1 > Flashcards

1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Principles of the cell theory

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells
  2. The cell is the smallest unit of life
  3. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

Caveats to cell theory

A
  • striated muscle fibres
  • Aseptate fungal hyphae
  • giant algae
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3
Q

7 functions integral to survival

A

Metabolism
Reproduction
Sensitivity
Homeostasis
Excretion
Nutrition
Growth

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4
Q

Rate of a metabolism

A

Function of its mass/volume
Larger cells require more energy to sustain essentials functions

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5
Q

As a cell grows ..

A

Volume increases faster than surface area
If metabolic rate exceeds rate of exchange of vital materials and waste, the cell will eventually divide. Therefore they tend to divide in order to remain small

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6
Q

Increasing surface area to volume ratio

A

Cells and tissues that are special for gas and material exchanges will increase their surface area to optimise material transfer
I.e. villi and alveoli

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7
Q

Magnification

A

Image = actual x magnification

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8
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Lack nucleus
Either classified into archaebacteria (found in extreme environment) or eubacteria (traditional)

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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A

P + E internal Fluid

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10
Q

Nucleoid

A

P region of the cytoplasm where the dna is located
(DNA strand is circular and called genophore)

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11
Q

Plasmids

A

P autonomous circular DNA molecules that may be transferred between bacteria

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12
Q

Ribosomes

A

P + E complexes of RNA and protein that are responsible for polypeptide synthesis

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13
Q

Cell membrane

A

P + E semi permeable membrane and selective barrier surrounding the cell

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14
Q

Cell wall

A

P + E(p) rigid outer covering made of peptidoglycan, maintains shape and prevents bursting

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15
Q

Slime capsule

A

P a thick polysaccharide layer used for protection against desiccation (drying out) and phagocytes

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16
Q

Flagella

A

P long slender projections containing mortar protein that enables movement

17
Q

Pili

A

P hair like extensions that enable adherence to surfaces or mediate bacterial conjugation

18
Q

Binary fission

A

Circular dna is copied in response to a replication symbol
The two dna loops attach to the membrane
The membrane elongates and pinches off (cytokenisis) forming two cells

19
Q

Eukaryotes

A

4 distinct kingdoms
Protista (without specialised tissue)
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

20
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

P + E a filamentous scaffolding within the cytoplasm, provides internal stricter and mediates intercellular transport

21
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

22
Q

Nucleus

A

E double membrane structure with pores; contains an inner region called nucleolus. Stores genetic material as chromatin, site of ribosome assembly

23
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

E A membrane network that transports materials between organelles. (Smooth ER = lipids ; rough ER = proteins)

24
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

E an assembly of vesicles and folded membranes that sorts, stores, modifies and exports secretory products

25
Q

Mitochondrion

A

E Site of aerobic respiration

26
Q

Peroxisome

A

E Catalyses breakdown of toxic substances

27
Q

Centrosome

A

Radiating microtubules form spindle fibres and contribute to cell division

28
Q

Chloroplast

A

Pl site of photosynthesis

29
Q

Vacuole

A

Pl maintain hydrostatic pressure

30
Q

Lysosome

A

Membranous sacs filled with hydrolytischem enzymes. Breaks down macromolecules

31
Q

Electron microscopy

A

Use electron beams focused by electromagnets to magnify and resolve microscopic specimen

32
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Polar head (hydrophilic) composed of glycerol and a phosphate molecule
Consists of two non-polar tails (hydrophobic) composed of fatty acid chains
Amphipathic

33
Q

Arrangement in membranes

A

Phospholipids spontaneously arrange into a Bilayer
Hydrophobic tails phase inwards ad are shielded from surrounding polar fluids

34
Q

Properties of phospholipid bilayer

A

Held together by weak hydrophobic interactions between tails
Layers restrict passage of many substances
Individual phospholipids can move within bilayer, allowing for fluidity and flexibility
Fluidity allows for spontaneous breaking and reforming of membranes

IB SL Biology (2 decks)

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