108-116 Flashcards
Synonym for antibody
Immunoglobulin
It is the decrease in body temperature
Hypothermia
The fluid obtained from a cyst of a dog tapeworm which can be a source of P1 substance and therefore can be used to neutralize anti-P1….
Hydatid cyst
Refers to random behavior of genes on separate chromosome inherited separately from each other.
Independent assortment
Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response.
Immunogen
Immunologic rxn induced ff a second exposure to an antigen
Secondary immune response
The in vitro rxn in which under certain condition of time and temp allow antigen-antibody complex to occur
Incubation
The gamma or electron treatment of a cellular blood product to prevent transfusion associated graft-vs-host disease (TA-GVHD)
Irradiation
A non-penetrating cryoprotective agent added to protect cells against damage
HES (hydroxyethyl starch)
Immunodominant sugar for B antigen specificity
D-galactose
While the fetus is in the uterus
In utero
Number of charged particles in a sol’n
Ionic strength
Other term for Secondary Immune response
Anamnestic response
Immunodominant sugar for H antigen specificity
L-fucose
A rare dominant gene that inhibits the production of all Lutheran antigens.
In Lu
The presence of agglutination or hemolysis in compatibility testing
Incompatible
Immunologic rxn induced by initial exposure to the antigens
Primary immune response
Study of blood-related antigens and antibodies
Immunohematology
Refers to the passing of one gene from each parent to the offspring
Independent segregation
Immunodominant sugar for A antigen specificity
N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
In reference to glycolipid antigens and glycoprotein, it is the sugar molecule that gives the antigen its specificity or identifies it uniquely.
Immunodominant sugar
Ability of an antigen to stimulate an antibody response
Immunogenicity
Transfusion administered to a fetus while still in the uterus
Intrauterine transfusion
A rxn of the body to respond and recognize foreign substances
Immune response
A condition due to an increase in unconjugated bilirubin
Kernicterus
States that the ABO antibodies are present in plasma/serum when the corresponding ABO blood antigens are not present on the erythrocytes.
Landsteiner law
Liley graph, mild or no disease
Zone I
A condition of abnormal presence of high molecular weight immunoglobulins
Macroglobulinemia
A trait that appears when the gene that has been inherited can be found in each generation occurs with equal frequency in males and females
Autosomal dominant
Combination of antibody and a multivalent sntigen to form cross links and result in a visible agglutination rxn
Lattice formation
Enumerate: autosomal recessive inherited chorva
Rh negative (dd), Lu (a-b-), Bombay phenotype
Replacement of one or more blood volumes within 24 hour interval
Massive transfusion
Agglutinate red cells with N antigen
Vicia graminea (anti-N)
Agglutinate red cells with Tn antigen
Salvia sclaera (anti-Tn)
Moderate disease (Liley graph)
Zone II
Traits transmitted to all daughters of affected father but not to sons
Sex-linked Dominant
Ex of inherited sex-linked recessive
Hemophilia A
Test performed on maternal blood specimen to detect fetal maternal hemorrhage
Kleihauer-Betke acid elution test
A graph used to predict severity of HDN during pregnancy by evaluation of the amniotic fluid
Liley graph
Agglutinate red cells with A1 antigen
Dolichos biflorus (anti-A1)
Severe and life threatening hemolysis (liley graph)
Zone III
Common drug used in the treatment of hypertension; frequently the cause of positive DAT
Methyl Dopa (Aldomet)
Traits,manifested by people who are homozygous for the alleles.
Autosomal Recessive
Ex of inherited autosomal dominant
Most blood group system
Agglutinate red cells with H antigen
Ulex europaeus (anti-H)
Location of a gene on a chromosome
Locus
Types of inheritance patterns
Autosomal Dominant
Autosomal Recessive
Sex-linked Dominant
Sex-linked Recessive
Agglutinate red cells with T antigen
Arachis hypogea (anti-T)
Condition characterized by a yellow appearance of the skin, sclera of the eyes and body secretions caused by increased bilirubin levels
Jaundice
Manner by which a gene is passed from one generation to another
Mode of Inheritance
Trait appears much more frequently in males than in females due to inheritance from carrier mothers
Sex-linked Recessive
Ex of inherited sex-linked dominant
Xg^a blood group
Type of agglutination pattern where a population of the red cells has agglutinated and the remainder of the red cells are not agglutinated
Mixed Field Agglutination
Condition due to an increase in unconjugated bilirubin
Kernicterus
Relating to birth
Natal
Another term for neutralization
Agglutination-inhibition
d antigen with complete subpart
Rh ABCD-D
Refers to a newborn infant up to 4 months of age
Neonate
Du variant
Mosaic
Basic building blocks of DNA which is comprised of a phosphate group, a sugar group and a base
Nucleotide
Principle involved in saliva testing
Neutralization
Term for woman having borne more than one child
Multiparous
Fusion of a malignant and normal cell that produces large quantities of monoclonal antibodies
Murine Hydbrinoma
D antigen with missing C-subpart
Rh ABcD-D
Group of sugars found on the red cell membrane attached to a protein backbone
NANA (Sialic acid)
Antigen composed of several units or subpart such as the Rho(D) antigen
Mosaic (Du variant)
After birth
Postnatal
D antigen with missing A-subpart
Rh aBCD-D
Major source of the membrane’s net negative charge
NANA (Sialic acid)
Before birth
Prenatal
D antigen with missing B-subpart
Rh AbCD-D
Malignant neoplasm of the bone marrow characterized by abnormal proteins in the plasma and the urine
Multiple Myeloma
Refers to the absence of agglutination due to the inability of an antibody to react with red cell antigen bec of previously bound soluble substance
Neutralization
D antigen with missing D-subpart
Rh ABCd-D
Enzyme that cleaves sialic acid from the red cell membrane
Neuraminidase
An individual who fails to express any antigens on the red cells
Null Phenotype
Refers to the detectable characteristics of genes
Phenotype
Types/Classifications/Kinds of Plasma volume expander
Plasma derived volume expander
Synthetic volume expander
Refers to a woman who had at least one pregnancy
Primiparous
IgG warm reacting antibody
37 oC
Refers to the chance that the alleged father is the biological father
Paternity index
(2) plasma derived volume expander
NSA (normal serum albumin)
PPF (plasma protein fraction)
A D antigen that is missing part of its typical antigenic structure
Partial D
Required temperature in oC by which the antibody is most reactive
Optimum temp
Products transfused in patients suffering from hypovolemia(decrease plasma volume) or indicate among burn and shock patients
Plasma Volume Expander
Plasma prepared from a whole blood subjected to heavy spin which allow sedimentation of platelets thus leaving a plasma almost free of platelets
Platelet Poor Plasma (PPP)
Diagrammatic chart used for illustrating the inheritance patterns of traits in a family study
Pedigree chart
(2) synthetic volume expander
Crystalloids
Colloids
Enumerate ex of crystalloids
Ringer’s Lactate (Na, K, Cl, Ca,lactate ions)
Normal Saline Solution (0.85-0.9% NaCl)
NSA
96% albumin + 4% globulin
Group O reagent red blood cells that are used for antibody identification
Panel cell
The initial treatment of elevated bilirubin using lights.
Phototherapy
PPF
83% albumin + 17% globulin
Plasma prepared from a whole blood subjected to soft spin which allows slow sedimentation of platelets thus leaving a plasma that contains high number of platelets
PRP (Platelet Rich Plasma)
A type of cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia in which a biphasic IgG antibody can be demonstrated with anti-P specificity
Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria
The spontaneous clumping of rbc against a given serum
Panagglutination
Refers to the fibrinogen containing liquid portion of anticoagulated blood
Plasma
The extra blood sample collected during whole blood donation from a donor which is intended for serological test
Pilot tube
A chemical compound formed by a small number of simple carbohydrate molecules
Oligosaccharide Chain
Can be used as a specimen for backward typing to detect antibodies however might present problem because it can bring about rouleaux formation
Plasma
Useful in the identification of antibodies in the Kidd blood group system
Polybyrene
Refers to a 2 x 2 grid used for gene combination in genetics
Punnett square
Term referring to after child birth
Post partum
Refers to a person who benefits and receives blood transfusion
Recipient
The close monitoring of laboratory operations to allow maximum reliability of test result
Quality Control
The blood group system showing several allelic forms therefore rendering more than one alternative phenotype
Polymorphism
Inability of the patient to respond favorably after platelet transfusion thus the desired increment in platelet is not achieved
Platelet refractoriness
Has lower ionic strength that increases the rate of antibody association.
LISS (Low Ionic Strength Saline solution)
Required potency in anti-A and anti-B
1:256
The spontaneous agglutination of red cells by most normal adult sera regardless of blood type
Polyagglutination
Enhances the antigen-antibody rxn by concentrating antibody in the mixture through removal of water
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
Refers to the required speed in a given time to sediment particles from a fluid mixture
Relative Centrifugal Force (RCF)
A positively charge polymer that reduces zeta potential by neutralizing the negative charge in red cell
Polybyrene
A system of procedures that ensures a laboratory to operate with the most minimal errors
Quality Assurance
Incubation may be shortened to 5-15mins if this medium is used
LISS (Low Ionic Strength Saline solution)
LISS
0.2 % NaCl in glycine
The relative strength of an antibody present in a given antiserum usually expressed in titer
Potency
Any substance that enhances antigen-antibody interaction from a given cell-serum mixture which may be used to detect low-titered antibodies in routine testing
Potentiator
Term referring to after transfusion
Post transfusion
RCF formula
RCF= 1.118 x 10^5 x radius x (rpm)^2
Enumerate potentiators.
LISS (Low Ionic Strength Saline solution)
Polybyrene
Polyethylene Glycol
Procedure that happens intravascularly
In Vivo sensitization
An inherited characteristic showing decreased expression of Rh antigens
Rhmod
Explain Rh Immune Globulin (RhIg) protection coverage.
Each vial of 300ug protects against 30ml fetal whole blood or 15ml packed cells
Respiratory Distress Syndrome is formerly known as…
Hyaline Membrane Disease
The group “O” cells with complete profile of antigens used in antibody detection
Screening Cells
Samples collected after actual blood transfusion
Post Transfusion sampling
A person who doesn’t inherit the Se gene (sese) and is incapable of producing ABH substances in secretions
Non Secretor
A phenotype of a person who suffers from anemia and whose red cells do not express any Rh antigens
Rhnull
A disease of unknown cause most frequently seen among premature infants characterized primarily by acute difficulty in breathing
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Used to determine fetomaternal hemorrhage based on the ability of fetal cells to aggregate aroung indicator cells (0.2 - 0.5% O-cell suspension, R2R2 rbc)
Rosette test
A person who acquired the Se gene either homozygously (SeSe) or heterozygously (Sese) and is capable of producing ABH substances in secretions.
Secretor
Additional blood bag attached to the primary bag generally intended for component preparation
Satellite bags
A procedure done in a tube
In Vitro sensitization
A group of red cells whose appearance resembles stack of coins associated with the used of plasma extenders or presence of abnormal plasma proteins
Rouleaux Formation
A process of allowing interaction or attachment of an incomplete antibody to red cell antigen but no subsequent agglutination rxn seen
Sensitization
Samples collected prior to actual blood transfusion
Pre Transfusion sampling
An inherited characteristic showing decreased expression of Rh antigens
Rhmod
Method of getting a sample to an individual
Sampling
The concentrated and purified anti-D given as a prophylactic or preventive treatment to Rh(-) person who is exposed to D-antigen either through pregnancy or blood transfusion.
Rh Immune Globulin (RhIg)
2 major categories of persons in Saliva testing
Secretor
Non Secretor
Procedure used to determine blood group soluble substances
Saliva testing
A systemic disease caused by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the body
Septicemia
Brief loss of consciousness related to fainting
Syncope
This test is useful in establishing real blood group if the expression is so weak to be detected by routine cell typing
Saliva testing
Achieved by dropping 2 drops serum to 1 drop 5% red cell suspension
40: 1 serum to cell ratio
Also called as therapeutic apheresis
Therapeutic Phlebotomy
Ex of thiol rgt
DTT: dithiotreitol
2-ME: 2-mercaptoethanol
Antigens within the ABO group that are weakly expressed thus react less strongly with their corresponding antibody subgroup
Subgroup
Anticoag with 35 days shelf-life
CPDA-1
The biochemical changes happening on blood upon in vitro storage
Storage lesion
Other term for surface of shear
Slipping plane
A severe physiologic rxn to trauma characterized by pallor, cyanosis, weak rapid pulse, drop on blood which often leads in unconsciousness
Shock
Achieved by dropping 4 drops serum to 1 drop 3% red cell suspension
133:1 serum to cell ratio
Often leads to ABO discrepancy
Subgroup
Useful in differentiating IgM from IgG antibodies
Thiol reagent
A chemical preservative used in commercial typing sera to prevent bacterial contamination
Sodium Azide (0.1%)
Anticoags with 21 days shelf life
ACD, CPD, CP2D
Refers to the boundary of the ionic cloud surrounding RBC in saline at which zeta potentialis measured
Surface of shear (slipping plane)
The characteristic of an antibody to react with cell expressing the corresponding antigen only
Specificity
Refers to the length of time when blood can still be used before it expires, and is usually related to the type of anticoagulant used
Shelf life
The yellowish liquid portion of blood after clotting or centrifugation which can also be used as a source of antibody
Serum
It refers to removal of blood components for treatment purposes
Therapeutic Phlebotomy
Refers to the required drops of serum to mix with certain drops of red cell suspension to achieve greater reactivity
Serum to Cell Ratio
A reagent that can be used to disperse agglutination caused by cold reactive IgM autoantibodies
Thiol reagent
A set of guidelines developed to protect healthcare workers from exposure to infectious reagents
Universal precaution
Enumerate: warfarin shiz
Coumadin
Panwarfin
Sofarin
Classifications of Weak D
Acquired D^u
Hereditary D^u
D^u variant/Mosaic
A batch test that includes ABO,Rh, and antibody screening test
Type and Screen (T/S)
Used in infants with erythroblastosis fetalis
Exchange transfusion
Refers to type AB and type O indiv who are considered popularly as universal recipient and donor respectively
Universality concept
Ability of red cell to survive in vivo after transfusion
Viability
Debunk WARFARIN acronym
Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation + (Coum) ARIN
The transfusion of blood stored in blood bag coming from a homologous donor
Indirect transfusion
Weaker variant of D-antigen that is detectable only through indirect globulin test
Weak D (D^u)
Plasma dyscrasia characterized by excessive production of gamma M globulin
Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
An inherited characteristic based from gene action
Trait
The administration of blood or its component intravenously
Transfusion
A colorless crystalline compound widely used as an anticlotting drug
Warfarin
Blood transfusion to fetus in utero
Intrauterine transfusion
Refers to successive suspension of whole blood with NSS, centrifugation and decantation; preferably done 3x
Washing
Refers to withdrawal of small volume of blood and subsequent replacement with compatible blood
Exchange transfusion
Vascular skin rxn commonly signaling allergic rxn
Urticaria (hives)
Anticoagulant drug that inhibits synthesis of vit K dependent factors ( II, VII, IX, X)
Warfarin
Transfer of blood directly from one person to another
Direct transfusion
Vitamin K dependent factors
II, VII, IX, X
Grades of Weak D
High grade
Low grade
Blood taken from a patient to be used for the same patient
Autologous transfusion
Zone of maximum or greatest rxn
Equivalence zone
Requires AHG for detection
Low grade
Blood group whose genes are located int he X-chromosome; Xg^a antigen is seen in greatest frequency among females than males
Xg blood group
Widely used in preparation of red cell suspension
Washing
A soluble haptenic forms of A and B antigens capable of neutralizing their corresponding antibodies
Witebsky substances
Enumerate types of transfusion
Autologous Direct Indirect Exchange Intrauterine
The thick gelatinous substance rich in hyaluronic acidthat make up the matrix of the umbilical cord
Wharton’s jelly
Does not require AHG for detection
High grade
Period of time when the disease is present but tested serologically negative
Window period
Zone of antibody excess (happens if more serum is added)
Prozone
A mixture of 0.1 M DTT + 0.1% cysteine-activated papain used to dissociate IgG molecules from erythrocytes showing a positive DAT reaction
ZZAP
If reduced, red cells tend to become closer to each other and therefore easier to agglutinate
Zeta potential
Zone of antigen excess (happens if red cell suspension is too heavy)
Post zone
The net negative charge of red cell measured at the surface of shear
Zeta potential
Reaction that is influenced by the amount of antigen and antibody from the cell-serum mixture
Zonal reaction
Presence of prozone or post zone leads to …
False negative result
3 zonal reactions
Prozone
Post zone
Equivalence zone
A seed extract capable of agglutinating red cells carrying the corresponding antigen
Lectin
IgM cold reactive antibody
1-6 oC/ 20-24oC (cold temp or room temp)
Agglutinate red cells with M antigen
Iberis amara (anti-M)
Enumerate lectins
Dolichos biflorus (anti-A) Ulex europaeus (anti-H) Iberis amara (anti-M) Vicia graminea (anti-N) Arachis hypogea (anti-T) Salvia sclaera (anti-Tn)
The reciprocal of the highest dilution that shows a visible rxn
Titer
Synonym for antigens in the Rh blood group system
Rh factor
Examples of Colloids
Dextran (6% - 10%)
HES (hydroxyethyl starch)
Sabog na ba?
Kaya yan. :D
Synonym for antigens in the Rh blood group system
Rh factor
Example of Colloids
Dextran (6%-10%)
HES (hydroxyethyl starch)
