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Ground School > 105 Chapter 6 - Aircraft Systems 2 > Flashcards

105 Chapter 6 - Aircraft Systems 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of system powers the flying controls, flaps, retractable undercarriage, wheel brakes etc.

A

Hydraulics

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2
Q

Advantages of hydraulics?

A 
Transmit high forces
Rapid and precise response
Simple
Good power to weight
Not effected by EM
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3
Q

When a force is applied in a confined column of fluid, how is the pressure transmitted throughout the fluid?

A

Equally in all directions

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4
Q

Ideal properties for hydraulic fluid?

A

Incompressible
Inflammable
Large operating window on temperature

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5
Q

Limitations and Hazards of hydraulic fluids?

A

Temperature and Aeration
Contamination
Flammable
Hazardous

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6
Q

Describe a basic hydraulic system, starting with the reservoir?

A

Reservoir, Filter, Pump, Accumulator, Pressure Control Valve, Directional control valve, Filter, Actuator, Filter, Reservoir

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7
Q

Describe a Drive Shaft pump?

A

Fluid let in through inlet port, Axial pistons are attached to the drive shaft. Pistons drive in and out drawing in fluid and expelling it under higher pressure. Increase in pressure is done by a rotary swash plate, whose angle determines displacement and direction of flow

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the Accumulator?

A

Absorb shocks and sudden changes in system pressure

Also used to maintain pressure when the pump ceases to operate.

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9
Q

How does an accumulator work?

A

Uses compressible Nitrogen gas, filled in area with piston at bottom with the hydraulic system on the other side. When pressure is applied to the hydraulic system this moves the piston and compresses the gas to the same pressure as the hydraulic system.

Due to the compressibility of the Nitrogen this allows it to absorb shock. When pump ceases to work or loss of pressure in the hydraulic this reserve pressure can be use to lock hydraulic in safe position.

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10
Q

What are common control valves?

A

Non-return
Pressure relief
Thermal relief

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11
Q

What does the actuator do in a hydraulic system?

A

Converts the hydraulic power into mechanical power

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12
Q

Why is it important for undercarriage gear hydraulics to work in sequence?

A

So the gear lowers correctly

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13
Q

What do military and civl aircraft design standards require about primary flying control systems?

A

That they have a back-up with the capacity to provide continued control for an indefinite period of time in the even of a failure of the main system.

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14
Q

What do military and civil aircraft design standards say about hydraulically powered secondary systems e.g. landing gear?

A

Back-up with the capacity to operate them for one use in the event of failure from main supply

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15
Q

Once the emergency use for landing gear is used, in almost all circumstances can you attempt to retract the gear?

A

No

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16
Q

What is a RAT?

A

Ram air turbine

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17
Q

Describe when you would use a RAT and how it works?

A

When you have a power failure to the pump but the hydraulic system still is operating.
The RAT is a turbine that goes into the airstream and can provide both hydraulic power and electrical power depending on aircraft design.

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18
Q

Give and advantage and disadvantage of a RAT?

A

Adv - Can provide power for an extended time

Dis adv - power output will lower with airspeed

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19
Q

What does three green light on the undercarriage system mean?

A

Gear is down and locked

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20
Q

What does three red lights on the undercarriage system mean?

A

Gear is moving between up and down

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21
Q

What component on the undercarriage design assists the dissipation of of force in the landing?

A

Shock absorber

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22
Q

What 3 basic features do retractable undercarriages have?

A

Doors and fairings
Sequencing
Jacks and linkages

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23
Q

What does and uplock do?

A

Mechanical lock to keep the gear in the up position in the event of a hydraulic failure

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24
Q

What does the down lock do?

A

Mechanical lock that keeps the gear in the down position in the event of a hydraulic failure

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25
Q

What are 2 common types of downlock?

A

Geometrically locked hinged lever

Integral with extension jack

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26
Q

What does no lights on the undercarriage mean?

A

Gear is up and locked

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27
Q

What is the name of the switch which prevents accidental use of undercarriage system when not flying?

A

Weight on Wheels switch

28
Q

Ideal design for aircraft wheels?

A

Light, small, easy to replace, good resistance to stress, accommodate braking and dissipate heat

29
Q

Aircraft tyres are ____ to extend their life?

A

Re-treaded

30
Q

What are the paint marks on tyres for?

A

They are creep marks, they are used to tell if a tyre is rotating around the rim due to the forces of landing

31
Q

Brakes convert ________ energy into _______ energy?

A

Kinetic

Thermal

32
Q

What is a fusible plug?

A

It is a device on a tyre that will melt and allow air to release under high temperature to prevent the tyre exploding and damaging equipment/injuring personnel

33
Q

What are other methods of stopping other than brakes?

A 
Air brakes
Spoilers
Parachutes
Reverse thrust
Traps/barriers
34
Q

What material are discs made from to be able to operate in such high temps?

A

Carbon composites

35
Q

What variables on landing effect the point of skidding?

A

Conditions on runway
Vertical load i.e. aircraft weight and lift at a given time
Retarding force applied to brakes

36
Q

What is it called when an aircraft tyre skids along the top of the water and separates from the runway?

A

Aquaplaning

37
Q

What system prevents wheels from locking up under braking?

A

Anti skid

38
Q

What does anti skid do on touch down?

A

It keeps the brakes off to allow the wheels to spin up before allowing the brakes to be applied to prevent a lock up on landing

39
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

The absence of oxygen to the body

40
Q

What is hypoxia caused by in aircraft?

A

Ascent to altitude
failure of equipment to supply pressure/oxygen
decompression of cabin at altitude
presence of toxic fumes

41
Q

What effect of hypoxia occur up to 10000ft?

A

Little to no symptoms

42
Q

What symptoms of hypoxia occur between 10000-15000ft?

A

Ability to perform tasks is progressively impaired
Individual is unaware of impairment
Physical exercise causes breathlessness
Can induce headache

43
Q

What symptoms of hypoxia occur between 15000-20000ft?

A

Marked impairment in performance
Seated personnel suffer symptoms
Simple tasks suffer aswell as complex
Critical loss in judgement
Loss of muscle co-ordination and clumsiness occur
Emotional changes can occur including euphoria, garrulous or even violence.
Above 18000ft blue lips, tongue etc can appear

44
Q

Signs of hypoxia above 20000ft?

A

Even seated personnel have severe symptoms
Mental performance and comprehension decline rapidly
Unconsciousness and jerking of limbs

45
Q

What can cause hyperventillation?

A

Anxiety
rise in body temp
vibrations
hypoxia

46
Q

Symptoms of Hyperventillation?

A 
Tingling in hands, feet lips
light headed/dizzy
faintness
spasms
impaired performance
unconsciousness
47
Q

What are some effects of decompression sickness?

A 
Bends
Effects on skin - itching, blotches
Chokes
Neurological symptoms
Collapse
48
Q

What is a barotrauma?

A

Imbalance of pressure on the eardrum caused when middle ear cavities and sinuses fail to balance pressure through nose

49
Q

Symptoms of Barotrauma?

A

Pain in ears
Deafness
Burst eardrum

50
Q

What alt is cabin pressure set between?

A

6000-8000ft

51
Q

What is the max rate of climb and max rate of descent for passenger aircraft for the pressurisation system?

A

500ft/min climb

300ft/min descent

52
Q

What is cabin differential pressure?

A

The pressure difference between the cabin and the atmosphere outside you are flying in measure in psi

53
Q

What does the control module do in the pressurisation system?

A

Controls cabin pressure and rate of change

54
Q

How does the control module depressurise the aircraft?

A

Through a discharge valve

55
Q

What safety device prevent an over-pressurised cabin?

A

Safety relief valve, lets air outside if aircraft pressure exceeds tolerable limit

56
Q

What safety device prevents under pressureisation?

A

Inward relief valve, allows air inside if outside pressure is greater than aircraft

57
Q

Describe the air conditioning process on the aircraft?

A

Air taken from compressor of engine, fed to primary heat exchanger, through pressure reducing valve, to cold air unit and secondary heat exchanger, to a mixing chamber, into a water extractor and then into the cabin

58
Q

What are the three types of oxygen systems?

A

Gaseous O2
Liquid 02
Molecular Sieve 02 concentrator

59
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of gaseous o2?

A

Adv:
Ready for immediate use
simple
oxygen not lost when not in use

Dis Adv:
Finite supply
Heavy and bulky
unsuitable as primary O2 supply

60
Q

Advantages and Dis-Advantages of liquid O2?

A 
Adv:
Weight and bulk reduced
simple
More stored compared to gas
Dis adv:
Evaporation and venting loss means it needs constant recharging
LOX takes a long time to stabilise
Prone to contamination
61
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of MSOC?

A

Adv:
Efficient removal of contaminants
unlimited supply
Dis adv:
Seperate gas supply still needed for ejection
Not all MSOC are able to provide enough O2 i event of rapid cabin decompression

62
Q

How long should emergency O2 last?

A

Usually 10 minutes

63
Q

What are the three types of power sources for aircraft?

A

Primary
Auxiliary
Emergency

64
Q

Give the primary sources of power?

A

Batteries

AC and DC generators powered from engine

65
Q

Give the 3 Auxiliary power sources?

A

Ground power unit
auxiliary power unit
airborne auxiliary power unit

66
Q

Give the 4 emergency power sources?

A

Batteries
RAT
Emergency power unit
airborne auxiliary power unit

67
Q

Generators convert ______ into _______ energy

A

Mechanical/kinetic

electrical

Ground School (2 decks)

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