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Microbiology > 1.04 - Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections & Host Resistance to Infections > Flashcards

1.04 - Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections & Host Resistance to Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

In Acid Fast Stain, what is the color of the stain that Mycobacterium would have?

A

RED

Its background will be BLUE

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2
Q

It is the the scientific study of the structure, development, function and mode of action of all microorganisms especially with regard to their significance in health and disease.

A

Microbiology

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3
Q

It is a laboratory equipment that protects you from the organisms and protects the organism from the environment.

A

Biosafety Cabinet

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4
Q

➢ Used for identification of microorganisms
➢ Old method, inoculum will be loaded in the tray and after 24h incubation, read/score
basing on chart colors.

A

BBL Crystal

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5
Q

➢ Used for bacterial identification (specific) automated identification
➢ Gives a reading depending on the organism that you are looking for

A

VITEK 2

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6
Q

➢ A laboratory equipment where blood culture bottles are inserted into specific slots

A

Blood Culture Machine

**If an organism will grow, the machine will alarm.

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7
Q

Used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture

A

BACTEC MGIT 960

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8
Q

These are the organisms that live on another living organism (human or animal) or inanimate object without causing disease

A

Normal Microbial Flora

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9
Q

TRUE or FALSE. We become colonised by bacteria from the moment we are born.

A

True

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10
Q

Why are viruses and parasites not considered member of the microbial flora?

A

Because they:
➢ Are not commensals
➢ Do not aid the host

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11
Q

Normal microbial flora enters the body through? (2)

A

Nasal and/or Oral

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12
Q

Normal microbial flora inhabiting the skin?

A

Gram-positive organisms

staphylococci, micrococci, diptheroids

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13
Q

They inhabit the gingival crevice

A

Streptococcal anaerobes

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14
Q

The PHARYNX can be a
- point of entry, and
- initial colonization
for which bacteria?

A

✓ Neisseria
✓ Bordetella
✓ Corynebacterium
✓ Streptococcus spp

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15
Q

What keeps the population of the organisms in the stomach low?

A

Stomach acidity or acid

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16
Q

It is a potential pathogen that apparently plays a role in the formation of certain ulcer types

A

Helicobacter pylori

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17
Q

True or False.

▪ Ileum is sparse in normal host.
▪ Duodenal flora contains a moderately mixed flora.

A

FALSE.

▪ Duodenal flora is sparse in normal host
▪ Ileum contains a moderately mixed flora

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18
Q

Large bowel flora is dense and is composed predominantly of what?

A

anaerobes

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19
Q

The anaerobes in the large bowel flora participate in which processes?

A

✓ Bile acid conversion

✓ Vitamin K and ammonia production in the large bowel

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20
Q

The vaginal flora changes with the? (3)

A

✓ Age of the individual
✓ Vaginal pH
✓ Hormone levels

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21
Q

Give an example of a Transient organism that frequently cause vaginitis

A

Candida spp

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22
Q

Species of bacteria that exists as normal flora of females

A

Lactobacillus

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23
Q

Conjunctiva harbors few or no organisms but these two (2) are among the genera most often detected. State them.

A

Haemophilus and Staphylococcus

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24
Q

It is the capacity to initiate a disease or how a disease occurs

A

Pathogenesis

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25
Q

State the common bacteria that may be seen in the “skin” of a healthy individual but may cause disease in an immunocompromised host

A

✓ Staphylococcus aureus
✓ Staphylococcus epidermidis
✓ Propionibacterium acnes

26
Q

Type of infection that is initiated in the hospital

A

Nosocomial Infection

27
Q

It’s the ability of the organism to breach the new host’s defenses

A

Infectivity

28
Q

Denotes the capacity of a pathogen to harm the host

A

Virulence

29
Q

Transmission occurs when the agent leaves its ___(1)___ or host through a __(2)__, is conveyed by some __(3)__, and enters through an appropriate __(4)__ to infect a __(5)__. This sequence is sometimes called the Chain of Infection.

A
  1. reservoir
  2. portal of exit
  3. mode of transmission
  4. portal of entry
  5. susceptible host
30
Q

These are pathogens that are capable of establishing infection and causing disease in previously healthy individuals with intact immunological defenses

A

Primary pathogens

31
Q

They are pathogens that infect when defenses are impaired/compromised

A

Opportunistic pathogens

32
Q

State the two species that part of the normal human flora (skin/mucosal surface) where they cause no harm and may actually have beneficial effects

A
  1. Coagulase negative staphylococci
  2. E. coli

They prevent colonization by other potential pathogens

33
Q

Factors that can cause the disease. (2)

A
  1. Number of the pathogen’s presence
    - normal flora depletion –> pathogens adhere to cells
  2. Reduced peristalsis (in the intestine)
    - normal flora is not adherent to the mucosal surfaces –> the pathogenic bacteria would adhere to the surfaces
34
Q

Koch Postulates. Which is wrong?

a. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and in healthy animals.
b. The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture.
c. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal.
d. The suspected pathogen must be re-isolated and shown to be the same as the original.
e. Everything is wrong
f. Everything is correct.

A

Letter A is wrong.

The suspected pathogen must be present
in all cases of the disease and ABSENT
from healthy animals.

If you got that wrong, read the Koch Postulates again.

Ò.Ó

35
Q

State the steps involved in the Pathogenesis of bacteria. (TCAIST)

A 
Transmission
Colonization
Adhesion
Invasion
Survival in the host
Tissue Injury
36
Q

It is the establishment of a stable population of the bacteria on the host’s skin or mucous membranes.

A

Colonization

37
Q

It is where the bacteria REMAINS ADHERENT at the site of colonization in order to proliferate

A

Adhesion

38
Q

True or False. Adhesion comes prior to invasion

A

False.

Adhesion comes prior to colonization

39
Q

Adhesion involves surface interactions between __(1)__ on the mammalian cell membrane and __(2)__ on the bacterial surface

A
  1. Receptors (on the mammalian cell)

2. Ligands (on the bacterial surface)

40
Q

It is the penetration of the organism to the host cells and tissues

A

Invasion

41
Q

Invasion is mediated by a complex array of molecules, described as?

A

Invasins

42
Q

Also known as aggressins, and facilitate pathogenesis

A

Virulence determinants

43
Q

Physical defense, such as intact skin, is what kind of defense?

A

First line of defense (Physical Barriers)

This includes:

  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Chemicals
44
Q

Neutrophils and lymphocytes are what kind of defense?

A

2nd line of defense:

Which also includes:

  • Phagocytosis
  • Complement interferon
  • Inflammation
  • Fever
45
Q

Examples of so genetic vehicles from which virulence genes can move from one bacteria to another. (3)

A

Plasmids
Bacteriophage
Transposons

46
Q

Antibody and complement alone is considered as what type of pathway?

A

Classical pathway

47
Q

Complement alone is what type of pathway?

A

Alternate pathway

**compared to “Antibody and complement alone” which is the “classical pathway”

48
Q

It is a secretion of Staphylococcus aureus which prevents phagocytosis

A

Protein A secretion

49
Q

Protein M secretion is an anti-phagocytic component of fimbriae of?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

50
Q

A type of immunization where antibodies are directly injected or small dose of antigen is injected into the body in order for us to react and form antibodies

A

Passive Immunization

51
Q

A type of immunization where we had the disease and we have memory B cell forming antibodies against it

A

Acquired Immunization

52
Q

In acquired immunization, this will be activated and it would be able to recognize that antigen and fight the disease

A

Memory B cell

53
Q

They are usually secreted by gram positive bacteria and are sufficiently POTENT that serious effects often result.

A

Exotoxins

54
Q

Give examples of exotoxins. (4)

A

botulism
anthrax
cholera
diphtheria

55
Q

Are toxic components of
the bacterial cell
envelope

A

Endotoxins

56
Q

What is the most potent endotoxic?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

57
Q

What happens when endotoxins incite the Kupffer cells?

A

increase interleukin 1 and Tumor Necrotic Factor –> which cause FEVER

58
Q

What causes vasodilation of the vessels?

A

Endotoxins incite the NEUTROPHILS, which increases the production of kinins –> this causes dilatations of the vessels

59
Q

What is activated if the endotoxins are secreted in small amounts?

A

Memory B-cells or B lymphocytes

60
Q

What happens when endotoxins are secreted in large amounts?

A

bigger increase in interleukin-1 & Tumor Necrosis Factor –> body would go into shock or intravascular coagulation

Microbiology (4 decks)

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