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Microbiology > 1.01 Cell Structure and Classification of Bacteria > Flashcards

1.01 Cell Structure and Classification of Bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q 
The study of microscopic organisms including a large and diverse group/classes of:
▪ Bacteria
▪ Viruses
▪ Archaea
▪ Fungi
▪ Protozoa
A

Microbiology

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2
Q

Microorganisms are responsible for cycling which of the chemical elements that are essential for life?

A 
▪ Carbon
▪ Nitrogen
▪ Sulfur
▪ Hydrogen
▪ Oxygen
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3
Q

These microorganisms lack many attributes of cells including the ability to replicate.

A

Viruses

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4
Q

How does a virus reproduce?

A

When it infects a cell

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5
Q

These are viruses that infect other viruses

A

Virophage

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6
Q

Viral particles are generally small and consist of a ____ ____ molecule either ___ or ___

A

Viral particles are generally small and consist of a nucleic acid molecule either DNA or RNA

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7
Q

A DNA virus infecting Acanthamoeba (a free-living soil amoeba)

A

Mimivirus

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8
Q

A larger marine virus that resembles bacteria because of their size when observed

A

Megavirus

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9
Q

Small, single-stranded, covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing as highly base-paired rodlike structures

A

Viroids

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10
Q

True or False. Viroids are totally dependent on host functions for its replication

A

True

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11
Q

True or False. Viroid RNA is replicated by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the host

A

False. Viroid RNA is replicated by the “DNA- dependent” RNA polymerase of the host

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12
Q

Prions are a type of protein that can trigger normal proteins in the brain to ____ _______?

A

Fold abnormally

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13
Q

Prion diseases of importance?

A
  1. Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) - Most common
  2. Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease
  3. Fatal Familial Insomnia
  4. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
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14
Q

What are the four major groups of protists?

A
  1. Algae - produce O2 as a product of photosynthesis
  2. Protozoa - Unicellular non photosynthetic protists
  3. Fungi - Unicellular non-photosynthetic protist
  4. Slime molds - characterized by the presence of an ameboid multinucleated mass of cytoplasm called Plasmodium
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15
Q

One of the distinguishing features of protists.

A

True nucleus

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16
Q

Agents of motility of protists.

A

Flagella or cilia

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17
Q

Contains the cell’s genome

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

A structure often visible within the nucleus, it is rich in RNA that is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

A

Nucleolus

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19
Q

Major producer of glycoproteins.

A

Rough ER

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20
Q

Participates in synthesis of lipids.

A

Smooth ER

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21
Q

Site of ATP production

A

Mitochondria

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22
Q

converts sunlight energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

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23
Q

Membrane-enclosed sacs that contain various digestive enzymes to digest macromolecules.

A

Lysosomes

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24
Q

Membrane-enclosed structure that produce H2O2 from the reduction of O2

A

Peroxisome

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25
Q

Cytoskeleton fills the cytoplasm and is composed of? (3)

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
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26
Q

True or False. Most plant cells have no other surface layers. However, animal cells have an outer cell wall

A

False. Most animal cells have no other surface layers however plant cells have an outer cell wall composed of cellulose

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27
Q

Organelle that move with a wavelike motion to propel the cell through water

A

Motility organelles

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28
Q

Motility organelle that emanate from the polar region of the cell

A

Flagella

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29
Q

Shorter than flagella, surrounds the cell

A

Cilia

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30
Q

Average bacteria cell size

A

0.5-2.0 um diameter

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31
Q

Surface area

A

12 um ^2

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32
Q

Volume

A

4 um

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33
Q

Surface Area to volume

A

3:1

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34
Q

Typical eukaryotic cell surface area/Volume

A

0: 3:1

* Eukaryotic cell is jam- packed with more elements that is why it has a smaller SA compared to bacteria

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35
Q

Essential bacterial cell components.

(NCCRGP)

A
  1. Nucleoid
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Cell wall
  4. Ribosomes
  5. Granule Vesicles and Vacuoles
  6. Periplasmic Space
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36
Q

Non-essential bacterial cell components. (PCFPE)

*not seen in all bacteria

A
  1. Plasmids
  2. Capsule and Glycocalyx
  3. Flagella
  4. Pili
  5. Endospores
37
Q
  • Gel-like matrix of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases & contains cell structures like numerous ribosomes and polysomes
  • Location of growth, metabolism, and replication
A

Cytoplasm

38
Q

Internal mobilities? (3)

A
  1. Cytoplasmic streaming
  2. Amoeboid movement and formation
  3. Disappearance of vacuoles
39
Q

Bacteria’s way of storing nutrients

A

Granules or inclusions

40
Q

Example of bacteria staining that aids in identification?

A

Metachromatic Granules of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

41
Q

− Small electron dense particles

− Involved in protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

42
Q

Size of ribosome

A

70S (with subunits of 30s +50 s)

43
Q

3 types of RNA

A
  1. rRNA
  2. tRNA
  3. mRNA
44
Q

Functions of the plasma membrane. (5)

A
  1. Semipermeable membrane
  2. Housing enzymes
  3. Generation of ATP
  4. Cell motility
  5. Mediation of chromosomal segregation
45
Q

With the exception of _______, bacterial

cytoplasmic membrane lacks sterol.

A

Mycoplasma

46
Q

The cell wall is composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan polymer (amino acids + sugars)

*Provides rigid support while freely permeable to solutes

47
Q

Backbone of peptidoglycan molecule is composed of which 2 derivatives of glucose?

A
  1. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)

2. N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

48
Q

NAG/NAM strands are are connected by?

A

Inter-peptide bridges

49
Q

True or False. D form of amino acids are used because it is harder to breakdown compared to the L form.

A

True

50
Q

The two major classes of bacteria.

A
  1. Gram Positive

2. Gram negative

51
Q

Why are these differences in cell wall structure so important?

A

Because there are some antibiotics that specifically target the cell wall thus making it permeable to the effects of the antibiotics, facilitating the killing of the organism (I.e. Penicillin)

52
Q

a) A major component of the cell wall of a Gram (+) bacterium only.
b) Functions?

A

a. Teichoic acids

b. 1. attachment for phages
2. Important role in Antigenic determination

53
Q

What are its compositions?

A
  1. Glycerol
  2. Phosphates
  3. Ribitol
54
Q

a. Only seen in Gram (-) bacteria
b. Functions?
c. Structures?

A

a. Lipopolysaccharides
b. Functions as an Endotoxin or Pyrogen – responsible for causing fever

c. 1. Lipid
2. Polysaccharide - corresponds to the antigen O of E. coli and Salmonella

55
Q

Forms a slime layer causes bacteria to adhere to solid surfaces and helps prevent the cell from drying out.

A

Glycoproteins loosely associated w/

the cell wall

56
Q

The slime layer of Gram (+) _______ _____ allows it to accumulate on tooth enamel (one of the causes of cavities). This causes the other bacteria in the mouth become trapped in the slime and form a biofilm and eventually a buildup of plaque.

A

Streptococcus mutans

57
Q

Capsules adheres to solid surfaces and to nutrients in the environment.

A

Polysaccharides firmly attached to the cell wall

58
Q

Which bacteria have the type of capsule that protects bacteria from being phagocytized by cells of the hosts immune system?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

59
Q

Flagella arrangement which consist of 1 flagellum

A

Monotrichous

60
Q

Flagella forms a TUFT at 1 end

A

Lophotrichous

61
Q

Flagella at BOTH ENDS

A

Amphitrichous

62
Q

Flagella is all AROUND bacteria

A

Peritrichous

63
Q

Wind around bacteria causing movement in waves

A

Endoflagella

64
Q

Short protein appendages (smaller than flagella) that adhere bacteria to surfaces

A

Pili

65
Q

E. coli types of pili. (3)

A

K88
K99
F41

66
Q

Used in conjugation and exchange of genetic information

A

F-pilus

67
Q

It allows bacteria to survive in extreme temperature/environment

A

Endospores

68
Q

Location of the spores

A
  1. Central
  2. Subterminal
  3. Terminal
69
Q

Spores used for quality control of heat sterilization equipment

A

Bacillus stearothermophilus spores

70
Q

Used for biological warfare

A

Bacillus anthracis spores

71
Q

One of the most important bacteriologic techniques within the microbiology laboratory because it is used in microscopic examination

A

Gram Stain

72
Q

Who discovered the Gram Stain in 19th century?

A

Hans Christian Gram

73
Q 
Purpose of gram staining that: 
- Distinguishes between the two most
common chemical cellular structures of
bacteria
- Easy visualization of the morphology and
cellular arrangement of the organism
A

Differential Stain

74
Q

Enumerate the Gram Stain Procedures. (5)

A
  1. Fixation
  2. Primary Stain
  3. Mordant
  4. Decolorization
  5. Counterstain/Secondary Stain
75
Q

Methods of Fixation

A
  1. Heating

2. Use of methanol

76
Q

What is the Stain used in primary staining?

A

Crystal violet

77
Q

The mordant applied after the crystal violet to chemically bond the alkaline dye to the bacterial cell wall

A

Gram’s Iodine

78
Q

They retain crystal violet after decolorization.

A

Gram positive (+)

79
Q

Addition of the counterstain SAFRANIN will stain the clear gram-negative bacteria ____ or ____.

A

pink, red

80
Q

Highly CROSS-LINKED thick layer of peptidoglycan of Gram ____ bacteria will retain the primary dye, crystal violet.

A

Positive

81
Q

Spherical, and resemble tiny balls. Give an example

A

Coccus/Cocci

Streptococcus

82
Q

Rod shaped, and resemble a pill, some bacilli have rounded ends while others have squared ends.

A

Bacillus/Bacilli

Bacillus anthracis - anthrax

83
Q

a. Twisted or helical morphology that resembles little cork screws.
b. They appear as curved rods

A

a. Spiral

b. Vibrios

84
Q

They have pliant bodies

A

Spirilla or spirochetes

85
Q

What causes gastritis and what is the shape of this bacterium?

A

Helicobacter pylori, spiral

86
Q

Arrangement that are found in pairs attached to each other

A

Diplococci
or
Diplobacilli

87
Q

These bacteria form long chains and remain attached to each other

A

Streptococcus
or
Streptobacilli

88
Q

These coccus bacteria are arranged irregularly in clusters like grapes

A

Staphylococcus

Microbiology (4 decks)

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