10.2 - The 5 Kingdoms

Question 1

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 1

Prokaryotae (bacteria)

Protoctista (unicellular eukaryote)

Fungi (yeast, mushroom)

Plantae (plant)

Animalia (animals)

Prokaryote, Eukaryote

Question 2

What are characteristics of prokaryotes?

Answer 2

• Unicellular
• No nucleus or membrane-bound orgnaelles
• Peptidoglycan cell wall
• Autotrophic, heterotrophic or parasitic
• Some have flagella for locomotion

Question 3

What are characteristics of protoctista?

Answer 3

• Uni/multicellular (algae are multicellular)
• Has nucleus & membrance bound organelles
• Has cell wall
• Chloroplasts
• Some sessile (immobile), others move by cilia (9+2/undulipodium)
• Nutrition: autotrophic, heterotrophic or parasitic

Question 4

What are characteristics of fungi?

Answer 4

• Uni/multi cellular
• Food store of glycogen
• Has nucleus (cytoplasm is multinucleate) and membrane-bound organelles
• Chitin cell wall
• Saprophytic feeders: absorption of decaying material
• No locomotion
• Glycogen food store

Question 5

What are the characteristics of plantae?

Answer 5

• Multicellular
• Nucleus w/membrane bound organelles
• Cellulose cell wall
• Chlorphyll
• Most immobile (some gametes move w/ cilia/flagella)
• Autotrophic feeders
• Food storage (starch)

Question 6

What are characteristics of animalia?

Answer 6

• Multicellular
• Nucleus & membrane bound organelle
• No chloroplast
• Mobile (cilia, flagella, contracticle protein muscle)
• Heterotrophic feeders (for nutrients)
• Glycogen food store

Question 7

What changes have taken place in the classification system?

Answer 7

• Original classification based on observable features
• Now, DNA and protein sequencing give a genetic and biochemical comparison

Question 8

How does the Three Domain System operate?

Answer 8

• 3 domains & 6 kingdoms
  
  • Eukarya
  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
• Based upon:
  
  • Nucleotide base sequence
  • rRNA
  • Membrane lipid structure
  • Antibiotic sensitivity

Question 9

What are the features of the 3 domains?

Answer 9

Eukarya -

• Ribosomes
  
  • _​_80s ribosomes
• RNA Polymerase (used for mRNA transcription)
  
  • ​12 proteins

Archaea -

• Ribosomes
  
  • _​7_0s ribosomes
• RNA Polymerase (used for mRNA transcription)
  
  • ​8-10 proteins

Bacteria - 70s ribosomes, RNA polymerase w/ 5 proteins

• Ribosomes
  
  • _​7_0s ribosomes
• RNA Polymerase (used for mRNA transcription)
  
  • ​5 proteins

Question 10

Why are prokaryotes (monera) classified as 2 separate kingdoms in the Three Domain System compared to the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 10

• Advances in biological techniques shows changes in biological composition
• Differing cell walls - peptidoglycan not found in archaea
• Old classification systems don’t show correct phylogeny

Question 11

What are the charactersitics of:

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Answer 11

Archaebacteria - ancient bacteria

• Live in extreme conditions - hot thermal vents, anaerobic conditions
• Acidic env. e.g. methanogens live in anaerobic env.

Eubacteria - aka true bacteria

• Found in most environments
• Most bacteria are eubacteria