102 Heritage and Doctrine Flashcards
102.1 State and discuss the six areas that comprise Naval Doctrine
1) Naval Warfare - Describes the inherent nature and enduring principles of naval forces.
2) Naval Intelligence - Points the way for intelligence support in meeting the requirements of both regional conflicts and operations other than war.
3) Naval Operations - Develops doctrine to reaffirm the foundation of U.S. Navy and Marine Corps expeditionary maritime traditions.
4) Naval Logistics - Addresses the full range of logistical capabilities that essential in the support of naval forces.
5) Naval Planning - Examines planning and the relationship between our capabilities and operational planning in the joint and multinational environment.
6) Naval Command and Control - Provides the basic concepts to fulfill the information needs of commanders, forces, and weapon systems.
102.2 State the seven principles of Naval Logistics
1) Flexibility - Adapting logistic support to changing conditions.
2) Economy - Employing logistic support assets effectively.
3) Attainability - Acquiring the minimum essential logistic support to begin combat operations.
4) Responsiveness - Providing the right support at the right time, at the right place.
5) Simplicity - Avoiding unnecessary complexity in preparing, planning and conducting logistic operations.
6) Sustainability - Providing logistic support for the duration of the operation.
7) Survivability - Ensuring that the logistic infrastructure prevails in spite of degradation and damage.
102.3 State the first navy ship named after an enlisted man, and why [ref. c]
- USS Osmond Ingram (DD 255) was launched 28 Feb 1919. Ingram was the first enlisted man killed in action in WWI, lost when the destroyer CASSIN (DD 43) was torpedoed in October 1917.
102.4 State the name of the first submarine used in Naval Warfare. [ref. q]
- The Turtle, built in 1775, as a means to attach explosive charges to a ship’s hull when in harbor during the American revolutionary war. Used in 1776, all attempts failed and it was ultimately destroyed while being transported.
102.5 Name the first US flagship and who was in command of the flotilla. [ref. r]
- Alfred, named after Alfred the Great (9th century AD), was flagship of the Continental Navy flotilla during the remainder of 1775 and the first four months of 1776.
- The floatilla was Commanded by Commodore Esek Hopkins
102.6 Discuss the conditions that led to the formation of the U.S. Navy [ref. d, ch. 1]
- The Continental Congress felt forced to act as the provisional government for the 13 original colonies. They issued money, established a postal service, and created a Continental navy. The U.S. Navy has its birth on 13 October 1775. On this date the Second Continental Congress authorized the purchase of two vessels. The first commander in chief was Esek Hopkins, who put the first squadron of the Continental Navy to sea in February 1776.
- The Continental Navy was disbanded due to the Revolutionary War drawing to a close , lack of funds to maintain the ships and lack of public support.
- For nearly a decade, U.S maritime merchant ships were exposed to a series of attacks by the Barbary Pirates. Although the USRCS (U.S. Revenue Cutter Service, the primary predecessor of the USCG) conducted operations against the pirates, their depredations far outstripped its abilities. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 that established a permanent standing navy on 27 March 1794.
102.7 What three classes of naval vessels existed at the inception of the navy [ref. d]
1) Ships-of-the-line - The battleships of the sailing days. These ships were the largest of all sailing warships. These battleships carried 64 to 100 guns of various sizes.
2) Frigates - The cruisers of the 18th century. These cruisers were next in size, usually smaller than average ships-of-the-line and carried 28 to 44 guns.
3) Sloops-of-war - The small sailing warships. These ships carried 10 to 20 guns.
102.8 Discuss the following military customs and courtesies [ref. c]
1) Hand salute - The hand salute is centuries old and probably originated when men in armor raised their helmet visors so they could be identified. Salutes are customarily given with the right hand, but there are exceptions. A sailor with his right arm or hand encumbered may salute left-handed, while people in the Army or Air Force never salute left-handed. A sailor does not salute when uncovered (unless failure to do so would mean embarrassment or misunderstanding) but may salute when seated in a vehicle. There is a simple rule for saluting: When in doubt, salute.
2) Saluting the Ensign - Salutes to the American flag are prescribed in U.S. Navy Regulations, Article 1007, as follows: Each person in the naval service, coming onboard a ship of the Navy, must salute the national ensign. He or she stops on reaching the upper platform of the accommodation ladder, or the shipboard end of the brow, faces the national ensign, renders the salute, and then salutes the officer of the deck. On leaving the ship, each person renders the salute in reverse order. The officer of the deck returns both salutes in each case. When passed by or passing the national ensign being carried in a military formation, all persons in the naval service must salute. Those in vehicles or boats follow the procedure prescribed for morning and evening colors. The procedures prescribed in this article must also be rendered to foreign national ensigns and aboard foreign men-of-war. During colors everyone within sight or hearing renders honors. Personnel outside cease work, face the colors, and salute until the last note of the anthem.
3) Dipping the Ensign - Merchant ships “salute” Navy ships by dipping their ensigns. When a merchant ship of any nation formally recognized by the U.S. salutes a ship of the U.S. Navy, it lowers its national colors to half-mast. The Navy ship, at its closest point of approach, lowers the ensign to half-mast for a few seconds, then closes it up, after which the merchant ship raises its own flag. If the salute is made when the ensign is not displayed, the Navy ship will hoist her colors, dip for the salute, close them up again, and then haul them down after a suitable interval. Naval vessels dip the ensign only to answer a salute; they never salute first.
4) Gun salute - A national salute of 21 guns is fired on Washington’s Birthday, Memorial Day, and Independence Day, and to honor the President of the United States and heads of foreign states. Salutes for naval officers are: Admiral: 17 guns, Vice Admiral: 15 guns, Rear Admiral: 13 guns and Commodore: 11 guns. Salutes are fired at intervals of 5 seconds, and always in odd numbers.
102.9 Discuss the importance of the following events as they relate to naval history.
1) Battle of the Coral Sea [ref. d] – 7-8 May 1942: Both sides launched all their planes against the other. The aircraft passed each other unseen in the clouds, in the world’s first carrier versus carrier battle. One Japanese carrier was damaged. The U.S. carrier Lexington was sunk, and the carrier Yorktown was damaged.
2) Voyage of the Great White Fleet [ref. C] – December 16, 1907: the Great White Fleet left Hampton Roads, Virginia, for a round-the-world cruise to show the flag. The exercise demonstrated the strength of the U.S. Navy.
3) Battle of Normandy [ref. c] - June 6, 1944: Invasion of Normandy was the largest amphibious operation in history. Allied forces completed D-Day landings successfully and eventually push on to Germany.
4) Battle of Midway [ref. c] - 4-7 June 1942: Midway was the turning point of the Pacific war. The U.S. breaking of the Japanese naval code was again the key element as it had been at Coral Sea a month earlier. Japanese planes sank the Yorktown.
5) Battle of Guadalcanal [ref. c] - 13-15 November 1942: Navy policy was to place members of the same family on different ships, but the 5 Sullivan brothers insisted on staying together. An exception was made and they all became crewman onboard the USS Juneau. The Juneau was torpedoed, and the Sullivans along with 700 others were lost. Because of this tragedy, Navy policy concerning family member separations was reinstated.
6) Battle of Leyte Gulf [ref. c] - October 23, 1944. The Last major naval battle in WWII. The Japanese loss of the Philippines severed their empire, and the homeland was cut off from its main source of supply from the south.
102.10 Discuss the following events, their impact on history, and the Sailors that were involved [ref. n]
1) Mercury 3 - 05 MAY 1961 (Alan B. Shepard) – First U.S. manned space flight.
2) Gemini 3 - 23 MAR 1965 (John W. Young) - First U.S. two-man space mission; first spacecraft to maneuver from one orbit to another; 3 Earth orbits.
3) Apollo 11 - 16-24 JUL 1969 (Neil A. Armstrong) - First manned lunar landing.
4) Apollo 17 - 07-19 DEC 1972 (Eugene A. Cernan and Ronald E. Evans) - Seventh and final lunar landing mission.
5) STS-1 - 12-14 APR 1981 (John W. Young and Robert L. Crippen) - First orbital test flight of a Space Shuttle. All Navy crew.
102.11 Describe the historical significance of the following events as they relate to Information Warfare [ref. j]
1) The On-the-Roof Gang - October 1, 1928 – 1941: A total of 176 (150 Navy and 26 Marines) enlisted radio operators were specially trained to intercept and analyze foreign radio communications at a unique school located on the roof of the old Navy Department Building.
2) The Purple Code - PURPLE was machine cipher system used by the Japanese in the 1930’s for communication with major diplomatic posts – Washington, London, and Moscow, among others.
3) The Battle of Midway - The Japanese had planned to lure the American Aircraft Carriers into a trap and occupy Midway, extending their defensive perimeter. American cryptographers (OP-20-G) were able to determine the date and location of the planned attack, enabling the forewarned U.S. Navy to prepare its own ambush
4) The Attack on the USS LIBERTY - On June 8, 1967, the USS Liberty, a U.S. Naval Ship, found itself in the middle of the 1967 Arab-Israeli Six-Day War. It was attacked by Israeli fighters and torpedo boats on a clear and sunny afternoon. There was no apparent provocation, and the reason has never been fully resolved, although Israel described it as an identification error. The loss of 34 men was the largest loss of life in a single event in American cryptologic history.
5) The Capture of the USS PUEBLO - On January 23, 1968, North Koreans attacked the Pueblo. One man was killed while destroying cryptologic materials and three men were wounded. The attack was swift, and the North Koreans boarded the ship, capturing it, the crew, and the material the crew had been unable to destroy. The 82 crewmen were held for eleven months before being released. The capture of the ship, which remains in North Korea to this day, constituted the largest single loss of such sensitive material.
6) D-Day Landing - U.S. Allies conducted a deception operation by using double agents and fake radio traffic to create an entirely fictitious First U.S. Army Group (“FUSAG”). Agents were dutifully sending back messages “confirming” the existence and location of FUSAG and the false landing point (Pas de Calais) as the likely main attack point. Radio traffic from Scotland was designed to convince German traffic analysts that an invasion would also be mounted into Norway.
7) Landing at Inchon - Seven days before the main attack on Incheon, a joint CIA–military intelligence reconnaissance effort placed a team in Incheon. With the help of locals, they gathered information about tides, mudflats, seawalls and enemy fortifications. The mission’s most important contribution was the restarting of a lighthouse on Palmi-do.
8) Hainan Island EP-3 incident - A U.S. reconnaissance plane carrying a crew of 24 collided with a Chinese fighter on April 1, 2001, forcing the U.S. craft to make an emergency landing in the People’s Republic of China.
9) Bletchley Park - It was 1938 and the threat of war loomed as Hitler invaded first Austria and then Czechoslovakia. The Government Code and Cypher School, then based in London, needed a safer home where its intelligence work could carry on unhindered by enemy air attacks. At a junction of major road, rail and teleprinter connections to all parts of the country, Bletchley Park was eminently suitable. Named Station X, the Enigma cipher was broken here.
10) Navajo Code talkers - They took part in every assault the U.S. Marines conducted in the Pacific from 1942 to 1945, transmitting messages by telephone and radio in their native language - a code that Japanese never broke.
11) The Attack on the USS STARK - In 1987 during the Iran-Iraq war, an Iraqi jet fighter fired missiles at the USS Stark; killing 37, wounding 21. It is the only successful anti-ship missile attack on a U.S. Navy warship.
12) EC-121 Shoot down - 15 April 1969 - The USN EC-121 was on a SIGINT recon mission and was shot down by North Korean Aircraft over the Sea of Japan; killing all (31) aboard. Extensive search and rescue operations revealed only debris.
102.12 State the qualities that characterize the Navy/Marine Corps team as instruments to support national policies [ref. a, ch. 1]
- Readiness
- Flexibility
- Self-sustainability
- Mobility.
102.13 State the three levels of war [ref. a, ch. 2]
1) Tactical – Involves the details of individual engagements
2) Operational – Concerns forces collectively in a theater
3) Strategic – Focuses on supporting national goals
102.14 Discuss the National Security Act of 1947 [ref. g]
- The National Security Act of 1947 mandated a major reorganization of the foreign policy and military establishments of the U.S. Government. The act also established the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and the War Department and Navy Department merged into a single Department of Defense under the Secretary of Defense.
102.15 State when and why the current Navy Core Values were Developed [ref. c]
- In 1992, CNO Admiral Frank Kelso adopted the Navy Core Values of Honor, Courage and Commitment to provide principles to guide our Sailors.
