101 First Aid Safety Fundamentals

Question 1

Discuss the steps of ORM and describe its key concept

Answer 1

ORM is a 5-step decision making tool used by personnel at all levels to increase operational effectiveness by identifying, assessing, and managing risks. It increases the ability to make informed decisions by providing a formal operational risk management process. It minimizes risks to acceptable levels, commensurate with mission accomplishment.

Identifying Hazards- outline major steps in the operation (operational analysis). Conduct a Preliminary Hazard Analysis by listing all of the hazards associated with each step in the operational analysis along with possible causes for those hazards.

-Assessing hazards- determine the associated degree of risk in terms of probability and severity

Making risk decisions- develop risk control options

Implementing controls- Eliminate hazards or reduce the degree of risk

Supervising - conduct follow up evaluations of the controls to ensure they remain in place and have the desired effect. Monitor for changes, which may require further ORM. Take corrective action when necessary.

Question 2

State the instruction that governs safety and mishap reporting

Answer 2

OPNAVINST 5102.1 (series) Navy and Marine Corps Mishap and Safety Investigation, Reporting and Record Keeping Manual

Question 3

Describe the components of the risk assessment matrix

Answer 3

A structured process to identify and assess hazards. An expression of potential harm, described in terms of hazard severity, accident probability, and exposure to hazards.

Question 4

Define mishap probability and describe the four subcategories

Answer 4

Mishap Probability- an assessment of the likelihood that, given exposure to a hazard, an accident will result.

Sub-category A- likely to occur immediately or within a short period of time. Expected to occur frequently to an individual item or person or continuously to a fleet, inventory or group.

Sub-category B- Probably will occur in time. Expected to occur several times to an individual item or person or frequently to a fleet, inventory or group.

Sub-category C- May occur in time. Can reasonably be expected to occur to an individual item or person or several times to a fleet, inventory or group.

Sub-category D- Unlikely to occur.

Question 5

Define Risk Assessment Code (RAC) and list the five RAC’s Risk Assessment Code

Answer 5

An expression of the risk associated with a hazard that combines the hazard severity and mishap probability into a single Arabic numeral.

I. Critical risk
II. Serious risk
III. Moderate risk
IV. Minor risk
V. Negligible risk

Question 6

Discuss the timeliness and means for filing Mishap Investigation Reports

Answer 6

1. All mishap reports must be submitted within 30 days of mishap occurrence.
2. All SITREPs, work related illness and injury logs, mishap records, and files, summaries shall be retained for at least five years following the end of the calendar year in which they occurred. These records may be retained in electronic or hard copy format.
3. Whenever possible, such parts of the mishap report held by COMNAVSAFCEN, available in hard-copy format only, should be converted to electronic format before destruction of the hard copies. The entire electronic file shall be maintained by COMNAVSAFCEN for at least 30 years. At that time, the entire file shall be transferred to the Naval Historical center.

Question 7

Name the four required mishap reportable items

Answer 7

1. Class A, B and C government property damage mishaps. This includes property damage caused by a government evolution, operation or vechicle to other government or non-government property.
2. All on duty DoD civilian and all on and off duty military class A mishaps, and any mishaps that result in the hospitalization of three or more personnel, within eight hours of the mishap Notify COMNAVSAFCEN and the chain of command, of all other on duty DoD civilian and all on and off duty military fatalities regardless of cause ( suicide, homicide, medical, etc.) within 8 hours by electronic means.
3. DON on-duty civilian fatalities occurring within the United States or U.S. territories to the nearest Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) area or regional office within eight hours of obtaining knowledge of the mishap. This requirement applies to each fatality or hospitalization of three or more civilian employees (when at least one is DoD civilian), which occurs within 120 days of a mishap.
4. Other incidents of interest to the Navy and Marine Corps for mishap prevention purposes, such as ordnance related class A explosive mishaps.

Question 8

State the purpose of a HAZREP message

Answer 8

Provides means for a unit discovering a hazardous condition or experienceing a near-mishap to alert COMNAVSAFECEN (to report a hazard or hazardous condition before a MISHAP occurs)

Question 9

State the three objectives of first aid

Answer 9

1. Save lives
2. Prevent further injury
3. Prevent infection

Question 10

State the three methods of controlling bleeding

Answer 10

1. Direct pressure
2. Pressure points
3. Tourniquet

Question 11

Identify the 11 pressure points

Answer 11

1. Facial artery (jaw)
2. superficial Temporal artery (temple)
3. subclavian artery (collar bone)
4. Common carotid artery (neck)
5. brachial artery (inner upper arm)
6. brachial artery (inner elbow)
7. radial Ulnar Artery (wrist)
8. Femoral Artery (upper thigh)
9. Iliac artery (groin)
10. Popliteal Artery (knee)
11. Anterior/Posterior Tibial Artery (ankle)

Question 12

Describe the symptoms and treatment for shock

Answer 12

Shock is the disruption of the circulatory system. Symptoms include vacant or lackluster eyes, shallow or irregular breathing, cold pale skin, nausea, and a weak or absent pulse. Individuals usually faint due to poor supply of oxygen to the brain. Treatment is to lay the victim down with the feet elevated 6-12 inches. Cover them to maintain body heat. Reassure and calm the victim if conscious.

Question 13

Describe the effects and treatment of the following burns

Answer 13

First degree- superficial burn to the first layer of skin, eg. sunburn/scald.
-cold compress, aloe application, other moisturizing lotions and antibiotic ointments. Avoid ice and oils.

Second degree- blistering, multiple layers of skin damaged.
-cool and moisten the skin area, use over the counter pain meds (acetaminophen or ibuprofen, and antibiotic creams
seek medical attention if widespread or in highly sensitive area of body

Third degree- widespread damage to most or all layers of skin, thickening due to puss, white, charred or leathery in appearance, no blisters, nerve damage.
- Seek medical assistance immediately; 911. Rest the person on the ground and treat for shock. Raise the injured section of body over the heart.
- Do not undress as clothing can be caught in the burn and will remove layers of skin.
- Protect person from infection, shock, sepsis, and hypothermia.

Question 14

101.14 State the difference between an “open” and “closed” fracture

Answer 14

• An open fracture is one in which the bone protrudes from the skin.
• A closed fracture is one in which the skin remains intact.

Question 15

101.15 State the following as applied to electrical shock

Answer 15

1) Personnel rescue - Shut off the power. If the power cannot be deactivated, remove the victim immediately while observing the following precautions:
a) Protect yourself with dry insulating material.
b) Use a dry board, belt, dry clothing, Or other available non-conductive material to free the victim (by pulling, pushing, or rolling) from the power-carrying object. DO NOT TOUCH the victim.
c) CAUTION: Do not attempt to administer first aid or come in physical contact with an electrical shock victim before the power is shut off, or, if the power cannot be shut off immediately, before the victim has been removed from live conductor.
2) Treatment - Immediately after removal of the victim from the power-carrying object, administer CPR. When providing first aid measures, take into account any possible spinal injuries or fractures.

Question 16

101.16 Describe the methods for clearing an obstructive airway

Answer 16

1) Standing abdominal thrust - Stand behind the victim and wrap your arms around the victim’s waist. Grasp your wrist and place the thumb side of your fist against the victim’s abdomen, above the navel and just below the rib cage. Give four quick upward thrusts to the victim. The obstruction should pop out like a champagne cork. If unsuccessful, repeat until the obstruction is dislodged.
2) Reclining abdominal thrust - Position yourself for the thrust by either straddling the victim at the hips, straddling one leg, or kneeling at the victim’s hips. Place your hands one on top of the other in the area between the lower end of the sternum and the navel, and give four quick upward thrusts into the abdomen.
3) Standing chest thrust - Bring your arms under the arms of the victim and encircle the lower chest. Grasp your wrist, keeping the thumb side close to the victim’s chest. (Keep your fist on the middle, not the lower part, of the sternum.) Press the chest with a sharp, backward thrust.
4) Reclining chest thrust - Kneel at either side of the victim, place hands in same position as used for CPR. Deliver thrusts slowly and downward on the sternum.

Question 17

101.17 Describe the effects and treatment of the following temperature related injuries:

Answer 17

1) Hypothermia - A general cooling of the whole body caused by exposure to low or rapidly falling temperature, cold moisture, snow or ice. The victim may appear pale and unconscious, and may even be taken for dead. Breathing is slow and shallow, pulse faint or even undetectable. The body tissues feel semi-rigid, and the arms and legs may feel stiff. First aid consists of bringing the body temperature to normal. The patient should be wrapped in warm blankets in a warm room. Do not give them hot drinks or other stimulants until he has regained consciousness. Get medical attention immediately.
2) Superficial frostbite - Ice crystals forming in the upper skin layers after exposure to a temperature of 32 degrees or lower.
3) Deep frostbite - Ice crystals forming in the deeper tissues after exposure to a temperature of 32 degrees or lower. Treatment is to get the victim indoors, warming the area by placing them in warm water or with hot water bottles. Other methods include placing them under the armpits, against the abdomen, or between the legs of a buddy. Never rub the frostbite area. Seek medical attention immediately.
4) Heat Stress - A combination of air temperature, thermal radiation, humidity, airflow, and workload that places stress on the body. Effects include Increased body temperature, severe headache, nausea and reduced physical and mental performance If not immediately and properly treated, these injuries can be life threatening. Treatment is to remove individual from heat source (i.e. sun) and allow for gradual adaptation/acclimation to heat environment.
5) Heat Exhaustion - A milder form of heat-related illness that can develop after several days of exposure to high temperatures and inadequate or unbalanced replacement of fluids. Effects include serious disturbance of blood flow to the brain, heart, and lungs The skin is cool, moist, and clammy, dilated pupils, normal or subnormal body temp and sweating profusely. Treatment is to move victim to a cool place and apply cold cloths to areas of the body.
6) Heat Stroke - A breakdown of the sweating ability of the body, no longer able to eliminate excess heat. Effects include hot and/or dry skin, uneven pupils and a weak but rapid pulse. Treatment is to contact emergency services immediately. Move victim to cooler environment and remove clothing. Reduce heat by cooling body through moisture/cold (wet body or use cold packs).Submerse body in cold (not ice) water, if none available then fan vigorously.

Question 18

101.18 Define the following

Answer 18

1) HERO - Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance
2) HERP - Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Personnel
3) HERF - Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Fuel

Question 19

101.19 Define HAZMAT

Answer 19

• A hazardous material is any item or agent (biological, chemical, physical) which has the potential to cause harm to humans, animals, or the environment, even by itself or through interaction with other factors.

Question 20

101.20 Discuss how to store HAZMAT

Answer 20

• Store HAZMAT in accordance with the related SDS (Safety Data Sheet).

Question 21

101.21 Describe potential risks of improperly labeled and stored HAZMAT

Answer 21

1) All containers must be tightly closed when not in use. Besides the danger of vapors accumulating, air can cause a chemical breakdown of some solvents which can cause evaporation or decay and it can no longer be used.
2) If chemicals are not labeled or are labeled improperly, then when used, they can be mixed with other chemicals which could pose a hazard of explosion or fire or some sort of chemical reaction.

Question 22

101.22 Describe what an SDS is and the information it provides

Answer 22

• Safety Data Sheet (SDS) - A document that contains information on the potential hazards (health, fire, reactivity and environmental) of a chemical product and how to work safely with the chemical product. It also contains information on the use, storage, handling and emergency procedures all related to the hazards of the material.

Question 23

101.23 Describe the general characteristics of the following PPE

Answer 23

1) Respirators - Respirators must be selected for the hazard. The command’s Respiratory Protection Manager (RPM) will make those decisions and advise you and your supervisor of respirator requirements. Users must be medically screened, trained, and fit-tested prior to using a respirator.
2) Hand Protection - Hand protection is selected for the hazard. This can range from barrier creams to full gauntlet rubber gloves. Gloves are selected according to the material being used and the duration of exposure.
3) Foot Protection - Even though most sailors wear steel toe boots daily while at work, there may be hazards where a rubber over-shoe or other foot protection is required. Antistatic, chemical resistant, and slip-resistant footwear may be specified for certain jobs with certain HM.
4) Eye Protection - Eye protection must be selected for the hazard. Eye protection includes safety glasses, splash-proof chemical goggles, impact goggles, UV goggles, welding helmets with special lenses, etc.
5) Face Protection - Face shields are not eye protection – they are face protection. Eye protection must be worn beneath face shields.
6) Skin/Body Protection - Skin protection must be selected for the hazard. This includes rubber aprons, protective coveralls, TYVEK or coated sack suits, and head coverings
7) Hearing Protection – Hearing protection must be selected for the hazard. This includes ear plugs, ear muffs, or a combination of both.

Question 24

101.24 State the goal of the Navy’s Hearing Conservation Program

Answer 24

• The goal of the hearing conservation program (HCP) is to prevent occupational hearing loss and assure auditory fitness for duty of all Navy personnel.

Question 25

101.25 Describe the importance of integrity and ethical decision-making.

Answer 25

• All personnel must police themselves and those around them. Failure to maintain this internal ‘integrity’ and established ‘ethics’ will only lead to negative outcomes when something inevitably goes wrong. It is the concept that covering for one another CANNOT EVER be used to condone poor judgment, performance, or behavior that endangers the unit / Navy. Doing so only leads to all parties becoming as guilty as the offender.