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DEOH 102 > 102 Cell Biology > Flashcards

102 Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is it called when organisms only have one cell?

A

Unicellular

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2
Q

What is “cytology” ?

A

The study of cells

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3
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus

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4
Q

What is the diameter for eukaryotic cells?

A

10-20μm

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5
Q

What are the ESSENTIAL Oral Cell Types?

A

1) Osteoblasts
2) Osteoclasts
3) Fibroblasts
4) Ameleoblasts
5) Odontoblasts

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6
Q

Which oral cell type is involved with the building of bone?

A

Osteoblasts

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7
Q

Which oral cell type is involved in enamel formation?

A

Ameleoblasts

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8
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

“Crumbles” breaks down bone

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9
Q

Which oral cell type is responsible for forming dentine?

A

Odontoblasts

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10
Q

What are some structural features of nerve cells?

A

1) Surface that is sensitive to stimuli
2) Long Extensions

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11
Q

What are some structural features of muscle cells?

A

1) Elongated, threadlike
2) Contain tiny fibres that slide together forcefully

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12
Q

What are some functions of nerve cells?

A

1) Can detect changes in internal or external environment.
2) Transmit nerve impulses from one part of the body to another.

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13
Q

What are the four macromolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids
  4. Nucleic Acids
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14
Q

What elements are carbohydrates composed of?

A

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O)

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15
Q

What are sugars and some examples of them?

A

Sugars are simple carbohydrates.
Includes glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose.

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16
Q

Sugars may be polymerised into larger molecules called…?

A

Polysaccharides. E.g. glycogen, starch, cellulose.

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17
Q

What are proteins and what are they composed of?

A

Proteins are polymers of AMINO ACIDS.
They are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphur, (Selenium).

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18
Q

How many common amino acids are there?

A

20 amino acids!

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19
Q

How many ESSENTIAL amino acids are there?

A

9 (must obtain from food!)

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20
Q

What are short polymers of amino acids called?

A

Peptides

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21
Q

What are long polymers of amino acids called?

A

Proteins

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22
Q

Amino acid side chains may be…?

A
  • Charged
  • Uncharged
    -Polar/Hydrophilic
    -Non-Polar/Hydrophobic
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23
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

Glycogen is a large branded polymer of glucose.
It is the main energy storage molecule of animals.

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24
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are the macromolecules that actually DO things - all enzymes are proteins.

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25
Q

Why are enzymes called “chemical catalysts”?

A

Because they promote or accelerate specific chemical reactions.

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26
Q

How is energy provided to enzymes?

A

Through the substrate or ATP.

27
Q

What does the suffix “-ase” refer to?
What are some examples of this?

A

-ase usually used for enzymes.
E.g. proteinase = enzyme that breaks down protein. Lipase = enzyme that breaks down lipids/fats. Amylase = enzyme that breaks down starch.

28
Q

What does the suffix “-ose” refer to?
What are some examples of this?

A

-ose refers to sugar.
E.g. hexose = 6-carbon (hexacarbon) sugar like glucose, fructose (-ose from fruit)

29
Q

What does the suffix “-some” refer to?
What are some examples of this?

A

-some refers to a cellular entity with a function.
E.g. lysosome = cellular organelle that destroys foreign particles.

30
Q

What is the chemical functional group for -OH?

A

Hydroxyl group (H = hydrogen, O = oxygen)

31
Q

What is the chemical function group for -COOH?

A

Carboxyl group (acids and lipids/fats)

32
Q

What is the chemical functional group for -SH?

A

Sulphydryl (thiol) group - sulphur instead of oxygen.

33
Q

What is the chemical function group for -PO4?

A

Phosphate group (P = phosphorus + 3-4 oxygens)

34
Q

What is the chemical functional group for -NH2?

A

Amino group
(N = nitrogen)

35
Q

What is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?

A

ATP is the common energy currency of cells.

36
Q

Where is energy stored?

A

Energy is stored in the high-energy bonds linking the phosphate molecules.
As the terminal phosphate bond is broken, energy is provided to the enzyme.

37
Q

What are lipids composed of?

A

Lipids are composed of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O).

38
Q

What are the two components in a phospholipid?

A

A phosphate head group - Hydrophilic
And a lipid tail - Hydrophobic

39
Q

What are the two principal molecules in nucleic acids?

A

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) and
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

40
Q

What is the largest biomolecule?

A

DNA!

41
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

Nucleotides are composed of a S-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) attached to a nitrogenous base.

42
Q

What are the four constituent bases of nucleic acids?

A

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Pyrimidine-cytosine (C), Thymine (T).

43
Q

How many genes does the human genome have?

A

20, 500 genes

44
Q

The flow of sequential information from gene to protein and never backward

A

The Central Dogma
DNA ➡️ RNA ➡️ Protein

45
Q

What is it called when not every gene is switched on at the same time?

A

“Mosaics”

46
Q

What are lysosomes and where are they found?

A

Lysosomes are part of the cells immune system. Only found in cells that are involved in destroying stuff.

47
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

A process by which foreign objects are taken out.

48
Q

What is another name for the Cytoplasmic Membrane?

A

Cell or Plasma Membrane

49
Q

How thick is the Cytoplasmic Membrane?

A

Approx. 7.5nm thick

50
Q

What does the cytoplasmic membrane do?

A

Separates cytoplasm from surrounding environment and maintains integrity of cell. Also controls energy and exit of molecules in and out of the cell.

51
Q

What is the role of the membrane proteins?

A

Membrane proteins control movement of molecules across membrane (specificity). They interact with extra cellular molecules such as hormones (receptors). Bind the cell to neighbouring cell.

52
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm is a water-based, gel-like substance containing many different proteins and other molecules suspended in cytosol.

53
Q

Organelles can be both…?

A

Membranous or Non-Membranous

54
Q

What are the two types Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

A
  • Smooth ER: lipid synthesis
  • Rough (ribosomes) ER: protein synthesis
55
Q

What are the cells protein factories?

A

Ribosomes

56
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

A

RNA and Protein

57
Q

What is the subunit for bacterial ribosomes?

A

70S (50S + 30S)

58
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Membranous organelle composed of stacked cisternae (sacs)

59
Q

Where is the Golgi Apparatus located?

A

Usually near the nucleus.

60
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Functions to further “process” and “package” proteins for secretion (export).

61
Q

A membranous organelle also known as the “power station of the cell”.

A

Mitochondria

62
Q

How many membranes are present in the mitochondria?

A

TWO! Inner membrane and outer membrane.

63
Q

What are proteasomes and where are they found?

A

Proteasomes are hollow proteinaceous “drums” (non-membranous) found in nucleus and cytoplasm.

64
Q

What is the role of proteasomes?

A

Proteasomes destroy unwanted proteins.

DEOH 102 (8 decks)

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