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Unit 10 Cardio > 10.2 > Flashcards

10.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Claudication?

A

Lower extremity swelling, extremity pain with exertion resolving with rest

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2
Q

Order to complete a cardio exam:

A

(a) Inspection
(b) Palpation
(c) Percussion
(d) Auscultation

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3
Q

Landmarks of the Apical impulse:

A

5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line.

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4
Q

Positioning of the patient for auscultation

A
  1. Sitting
  2. Supine,
  3. Left lateral recumbent
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5
Q

BASIC HEART SOUNDS
S1 and S2 “lub-dub”

A

S1- closure of bicuspid and tricuspid valves. “lub”
S2- closure of aortic and pulmonic valves. “dub”

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6
Q

BASIC HEART SOUNDS
S3 and S4 “Kentucky” and “Tennessee”

A

S3- early diastole (passive filling) vibration of ventricular walls. “Kentucky”
S4- ventricular filling from atrial kick, loss of compliance or
increase stroke volume secondary to high output. “Tennessee”

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7
Q

FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOLOGY/DISEASE HEART
What indicates a wide apical pulsation?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

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7
Q

FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOLOGY/DISEASE HEART
What indicates loss of palpable apical pulsation?

A

Fluid, air or displacement.

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8
Q

FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOLOGY/DISEASE HEART
What are thrills associated with?

A

failure of semilunar valve to close, aortic or pulmonary stenosis, or atrial septal defect.

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9
Q

FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOLOGY/DISEASE HEART
What is associated with loud S1 and S2 heart sounds?

A

Loud S1: increased blood velocity, mitral stenosis, heart block, hypertension, or calcification of mitral valve.
Loud S2: hypertension, valve disorder, stenosis, or fluid.

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10
Q

FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOLOGY/DISEASE HEART
Murmurs “Wooshing” sound

A

Disruption of blood flow into, through, or out of the heart.
Their Intensity is graded I-VI

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11
Q

What is a friction rub?

A

Associated with inflammation of the pericardial sac. Rough parietal and visceral layers make a sound like grating, machine-like rubbing.

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12
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.
The pulse pressure should range from 30 to 40 mm Hg, even to as much as 50 mm Hg.

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13
Q

The amplitude of the pulse scale:

A

4 Bounding, aneurysmal
3 Full, increased
2 Expected
1 Diminished, barely palpable
0 Absent, not palpable

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14
Q

Pitting Edema Scale:

A

1+ Slight pit, disappears rapidly 2-3 mm depth
2+ Somewhat deep pit, disappears in 10 to 15 seconds 4-5 mm
3+ Noticeable deep pit that lasts more than a minute 6-7 mm
4+ Very deep pit that lasts 2 to 5 minutes 8-9 mm in depth

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15
Q

What is the Homan’s sign test?

A

Physical exam that checks for thrombosis in the lower extremities.

16
Q

What is the expected Jugular Venous Pressure measurement?

A

9cm

17
Q

What is an ultrasound?

A

A mechanical wave propagated through a medium at a high
frequency to produce images of structures within the human body.

18
Q

How are ultrasound waves generated?

A

By the application of electrical
current to PIEZOELECTRIC crystals in the US transducer (probe).

19
Q

What is the Piezoelectric effect?

A

Phenomenon where distortion of a crystal causes an electrical change.

20
Q

Grayscale colors in an ultrasound image:

A
  1. BLACK = Fluid
  2. GRAY = Tissue
  3. White (brightest) = bone

The denser the tissue, the brighter

21
Q

ULTRASOUND TERMINOLOGY
Color Flow Doppler

A

Operating mode two-dimensional image that portrays movement in color.

used to assess blood flow and vessel anatomy

22
Q

ULTRASOUND TERMINOLOGY
Gain

A

Regulates the amplification (brightness)

23
Q

ULTRASOUND TERMINOLOGY
Hyperechoic and Hypoechoic:

A

Hyperechoic: refers to a lesion or tumor which produces a stronger echo than the surrounding tissues.
Hypoechoic: refers to structures that contain fewer or weaker echoes.

24
Q

ULTRASOUND TERMINOLOGY
Resolution

A

Ability to distinguish between two adjacent structures

25
Q

ULTRASOUND TERMINOLOGY
Transducer

A

Electromechanical device that contacts the patient and converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa.

26
Q

ULTRASOUND TERMINOLOGY
Conducting Gel

A

US requires the use of a conducting gel to eliminate air between the
probe and skin.
Ultrasonic medium gel is preferred

Unit 10 Cardio (3 decks)

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