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Unit 10 Cardio > 10.1 > Flashcards

10.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the pericardium?

A
  1. Fibrous pericardium
    Anchors in place, prevents over stretching
  2. Serous pericardium
    Has 2 layers, Parietal and visceral
    Has lubricating fluid
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2
Q

STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
What is the apex of the heart?

A

Pointed end of the heart. Formed by the tip of the left ventricle.

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3
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Thin vessels formed by arteries branching down in size.

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4
Q

What are venules?

A

Very thin vessels formed when capillaries REUNITE.

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5
Q

STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
Where does that heart lie?

A

Thoracic cavity, between the lungs.
2/3 of its mass lies to the left of the midline

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6
Q

What happens in systemic circulation?

A

Arteries and arterioles that carry OXYGEN and nutrient rich
blood throughout the body.
Veins and venules that carry CARBON DIOXIDE and waste to the right atrium.

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7
Q

What happens during relaxation phase?

A

Ventricles start to relax. All chambers of the heart enter diastole (dilation). The ventricles are filled to 75%.

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8
Q

What are arteries?

A

Thick, triple layered vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart.

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9
Q

Electrical Cycle

A
  1. SA node
  2. Bachmann;s bundle
  3. AV node
  4. R and L bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibers
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10
Q

What is vascular resistance?
What factors affect it?

A

The opposition to flow, affected by:
1. Lumen size
2. Length
3. Viscosity

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11
Q

What is Coronary Circulation?

A

Blood flow through the myocardium

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12
Q

What happens during ventricular systole?

A

Ventricles depolarize ejecting the blood into either the pulmonary
trunk (right ventricle) or the aorta (left ventricle).

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13
Q

What is the pericarduim?

A

Surrounds the heart, protects and holds the heart in place.

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14
Q

MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS
Coronary Sinus

A

Drains deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins into the right atrium.

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15
Q

What composes the electrical structure of the heart?

A
  1. Sinoatrial Node (SA)
  2. The atria (via Bachmann’s bundle)
  3. Atrioventricular (AV) node
  4. AV bundle branches (bundle of his)
  5. Right and left bundle branches
  6. Purkinje fibers
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16
Q

What is Blood Pressure?

A

Defined as pressure exerted on the walls of the vessels as the ventricles contract.
FUN FACT
Aorta has the highest BP

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17
Q

What is the excercise recommendation to improve cardiovascular health? and why?

A

At least 20 minutes 3-5 times weekly (run/brisk walk).
1. Increases our body’s ability to dissolve blood clots by increasing fibrinolytic activity.
2. Weight control
3. decrease anxiety and depression.
4. Control BP
5. Maintain low HR

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18
Q

What is blood flow regulated by?

A

Medulla oblongata and 3 types of receptors:
1. Proprioceptors- monitor movement of joints and muscles.
2. Baroreceptors- pressure in aorta and carotid arteries.
3. Chemoreceptors- stimulate
sympathetic and parasympathetic response to chemical changes.

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19
Q

What are the 3 phases of in a cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Relaxation
  2. Atrial Systole
  3. Ventricular Systole
20
Q

WAVES ON AN ECG
What represents P?

A

Atrial depolarization (contraction)

21
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A
  1. Epicardium- Outer- visceral layer of the serous pericardium.
  2. Myocardium - Muscle - 2 networks, atrial and ventricular, contract as a unit.
  3. Endocardium - Inner- Lines the myocardium and covers valves.
22
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Hair-like microscopic vessels. Known as exchange vessels, which connect arterioles to venules.
Their small lumen allows blood to move slowly letting nutrients and other substances in and out.

23
Q

What are the 4 principal branches of the aorta?

A
  1. Ascending Aorta
  2. Arch of the Aorta
  3. Thoracic Descending Aorta
  4. Abdominal Descending Aorta
24
Q

What are the two types of circulation pathways?

A
  1. Systemic circulation
  2. Pulmonary circulation
25
Q

How much blood is in the cardiovascular system?

A

5 liters or 5.3 quarts.
NOT SO FUN FACT
Blood loss more than 10% is potentially life threatening.

26
Q

MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS
Pulmonary trunk and Pulmonary artery

A

Blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk which then branches into the pulmonary arteries.
deoxygenated blood into lungs for oxygen

27
Q

MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS
Pulmonary Veins

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs and transports it to the left atrium.

28
Q

What happens during atrial systole?

A

Both atria depolarize, ejecting the las 25% of blood to the ventricles.

29
Q

WAVES ON AN ECG
What represents T wave?

A

Ventricular Repolarization

30
Q

What generates pressure to transport blood in veins?

A
  1. Contractions of the heart
  2. The skeletal muscle pump
  3. The respiratory pump
31
Q

What affects the thickness of heart walls?

A

work load:
-Atria- thinnest, pump into the ventricles.
-Ventricle- thicker, move blood out of the heart.
Left ventricle- thickest, pumps blood to the entire body

32
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

A
  1. Tricuspid Valve - R atrium to R ventricle
  2. Bicuspid or Mitral - L atrium to L ventricle
  3. Semilunar (SL) Valve: Aortic
  4. Semilunar (SL) Valve: Pulmonic
33
Q

MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

A

Drain deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower body into the right
atrium.

34
Q

What are veins?

A

Vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
FUN FACT
Veins and venules contain about 64% of the total volume of blood. Certain veins function as blood reservoirs.

35
Q

What separates the chambers of the heart?

A

Interatrial or interventricular septum

36
Q

How much blood is approx. ejected into systemic circulation per ventricular contraction?

A

70ml

37
Q

WAVES ON AN ECG
What represents QRS Complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization
masks atrial
repolarization due to size

38
Q

Blood Flow

A
39
Q

MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS
Aorta

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the entire body from the left ventricle.

40
Q

What is cardiac output (CO)?

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the
aorta per minute.

41
Q

What is the CO formula?

A

Cardiac Output formula:
Stroke volume X heart rate
Ex:
70 ml/beat x 75 beats/min
= 5250 ml/min or 5.25 L/min

42
Q

Explain skeletal pump

A

Muscles squeeze veins pushing their contents.
Venous valves ensure blood flows in one direction only

43
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

Ability to adjust blood flow (constrict or
dilate) according to metabolic demands.

44
Q

Explain Respiratory Pump

A

*Inhalation decreases thoracic pressure and increases abdominal pressure,
enhancing blood to flow.
*Exhalation allows refilling of abdominal veins, which is then pumped to the thoracic veins and to the heart.

45
Q

What happens in Pulmonary circulation?

A

Blood pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs, picks up oxygen and returns via pulmonary veins to the left atria.

46
Q

STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
what forms the base of the heart?

A

The atria (upper chambers of the heart)

Unit 10 Cardio (3 decks)

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