10.2

Question 1

how does a problem arise

problem
- well defined: correct or incorrect (closed q)
- ill-defined: solutions evaluated subjectively

Answer 1

Arises when there’s a difference/ obstacles persisting between our current and ideal state

Question 2

Problem solving(the use of smth)

Answer 2

Use of info to meet a specific goal

Question 3

Personal biases: recognizing them can approach problem and potential solutions with a more open mind

Answer 3

Reluctance to compromise with solution, e.g. giving up on dessert
=> self efficacy and belief in abilities influences approach to problem

Question 4

Functional fixedness (think outside the box)

Answer 4

Tendency to think about concept in most typical form

Question 5

Rumination

Answer 5

Repetitive focus on one’s problems

Question 6

Rumination: brooding vs reflection

Answer 6

Brooding: compare current situation w ideal state (why am I here…)

Reflection: actively engage in problem solving (how did i manage to…)

Question 7

Algorithm: accurate solution and reliable, but high human cost (eg time)

Answer 7

Step by step rules for particular solution

Question 8

Heuristics: fast, but does not guarantee a solution

Answer 8

Shortcuts to problem solving

Note: likely to fail if correct solution requires SOPHISTICATED understanding of probability

Question 9

Recognition heuristic

Answer 9

Predicts a higher value is placed or associated with a more recognizable alternative

E.g. Munich is more well-known that Hamburg, it is the capital

Question 10

Availability heuristic (shark)

Answer 10

the belief that events more easy to think abt (eg shark attack news coverage) are more frequent to occur

Note: repetition influences memory, e.g. events experienced more frequently are remembered more easily than rarer events (don’t mix up with Flashbulb Memory)

Question 11

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 11

More similar to prototype hence likely to fit in category, as opposed to stimuli dissimilar to prototype

Question 12

Affect heuristic(affect relates to emotion)

Answer 12

Emotional response, a “gut feeling” to choose one alternative over another

Question 13

What affects the third step: carrying out the plan?

Answer 13

Belief that you can implement a particular solution
=> question what further planning u need to carry out the solution

Question 14

Last step: looking back

Answer 14

• measurement of success: closer to goal or no?
• evaluation is an ongoing process