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Cardio > 10.2 > Flashcards

10.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What specific questions who you ask someone coming in with chest pain?

A
  • what factors influence the pain?
  • does the pain radiate?
  • is there position related relief?
  • any dizziness/ cyanosis?
  • any use of nitroglycerin?
  • cough, dyspnea, syncope, leg pain/cramps, severe HA, swollen ankles
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2
Q

What pertinent FMHx are you looking for with chest pain?

A
  • DM
  • heart disease
  • hyperlipidemia
  • hypertension
  • obesity
  • congenital heart defects
  • sudden death
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3
Q

What are some associated sx to look out for with chest pain?

A
  • Anxiety
  • Dyspnea
  • Diaphoresis
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
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4
Q

SoHx to consider with chest pain

A
  • employment risks
  • tobacco
  • alcohol
  • diet
  • exercise
  • stress
  • drug use
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5
Q

Who are at greater risk for cardiac problems?

A
  • Pregnant women
  • Elderly
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6
Q

What are the 4 components of a heart examination?

A
  1. Inspection
  2. Palpation
  3. Percussion
  4. Auscultation
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7
Q

What are you inspecting the chest wall, carotid arteries and jugular veins for?

A
  • pulsations
  • lifts
  • heaves
  • thrusts
  • symmetry
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8
Q

What are you inspecting the skin for?

A
  • cyanosis of the nailbeds
  • capillary refill
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9
Q

Where can you palpate the apical pulse?

A

Midclavicular line, 5th intercostal

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10
Q

What are the 6 places you palpate?

A
  1. the base
  2. left sternal border
  3. right sternal border
  4. apex
  5. epigastrium
  6. left axillae
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11
Q

What positions should you have the patient in for auscultation?

A
  • Sitting
  • Supine
  • Left lateral recumbent
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12
Q

What are you describing while auscultating?

A
  • rate
  • rhythm
  • duration of cycle
  • timing
  • intensity
  • frequency
  • splitting
  • murmurs
  • quality
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13
Q

What are you auscultating the carotid arteries for?

A
  • bruits
  • murmurs
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14
Q

What basic heart sounds are you listening for?

A
  • S1
  • S2
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15
Q

What valves are closed during S1?

What valves are open during S1?

A

Closed: (M)itral and (T)ricuspid

Open: (A)ortic and (P)ulmonic

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16
Q

What valves are closed during S2?

What valves are open during S2?

A

Closed: (A)ortic and (P)ulmonic

Open: (M)itral and (T)ricuspid

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17
Q

What is a normal resting HR for an adult?

A

60 - 90bpm

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18
Q

In a slender person the heart is more…

A

vertical and central

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19
Q

In a stocky person the heart lies

A

horizontally and to the left

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20
Q

Wide apical pulsation may indicate what?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

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21
Q

Loss of palpable apical pulsation may indicated what?

A

fluid, air, or displacement

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22
Q

Thrills are associated with what pathology?

A
  • failure of semilunar valve to close
  • aortic/pulmonary stenosis
  • atrial septal defect
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23
Q

Loud S1 could suggest what?

A

Increased blood velocity

mitral stenosis

heart block

hypertension

calcification of mitral valve

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24
Q

Loud S2 suggests?

A

hypertension

valve disorder

stenosis

fluid

25
Q

Frictional rubs can be caused by?

what do they sound like?

A

pericardial sac inflammation

grating, machine-like rubbing

26
Q

What should you be inspecting for in the veins?

A
  • JVD
  • varicose veins
27
Q

Inspect extremities for findings of arterial and venous insufficiencies, what are you looking for?

A
  • edema
  • erythema
  • absence of hair
  • cyanosis
  • pallor
  • ulcers
  • cool skin
28
Q

What 8 arteries are we palpating?

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Carotid
  3. Brachial
  4. Radial
  5. Femoral
  6. Popliteal
  7. Posterior tibialis
  8. Dorsalis pedis
29
Q

What are you comparing while palpating pulses?

A

Contralateral pulses

lower and upper extremities

30
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.

31
Q

What 4 variables contribute to the characteristics of the pulse?

A

1) Volume of blood ejected (stroke volume)
2) Distension of the aorta and large arteries
3) Viscosity of the blood
4) Peripheral arteriolar resistance

32
Q

What are bruits?

A

turbulent blood flow

33
Q

Inspect the chest wall, carotid arteries and jugular veins for

A
  • pulsations
  • lifts
  • heaves
  • thrills
  • symmetry
34
Q

Inspect extremities for…

A
  • color
  • hair distribution
  • venous distention
35
Q

Inspect the nailbeds for

A

cyanosis

capillary refill

36
Q

What is the scale for amplitude of pulse?

A

4= Bounding, aneurysmal

3= Full, increased

2= Expected

1= Diminished

0=Absent

37
Q

What is the scale for pitting edema?

A

1+ Slight pit (2-3mm)

2+ Somewhat deep pit (10-15sec or 4-5mm)

3+ Noticeable deep pit (longer than 1min or 6-7mm)

4+ Very deep pit (2-5min or 8-9mm)

38
Q

Palpate and assess for thrombosis

A
  • Redness, thickness of the vein, tenderness along superficial vein, and warmth
  • Can be indicated through taking a good history and exam
  • Homan’s sign (discomfort behind the knee upon forced dorsiflexion of the foot)
  • Use Doppler for confirmation of diagnosis
39
Q

What is the way we test for varicose veins?

A

Have the patient do 10 calf raises

40
Q

What are normal findings on an adult?

A

no visible pulsations, or heaving of chest

pulses symmetric

bilat 2+

extremities warm and pink with hair present

Systolic: 100-140 Diastolic: 60-90

41
Q

What happens to your BP when you stand up?

A

Systolic pressure drops, diastolic pressure rises

42
Q

Jugular distention <9cm suggests

A

ventricular failure

43
Q

Positive Homan’s sign indicates

A

venous thrombosis

44
Q

Fluid always reflects what color on an ultrasound?

A

BLACK

45
Q

Tissue is always what color on an ultrasound?

A

GRAY

46
Q

What color will bone appear on an ultrasound?

A

WHITE

47
Q

What operating mode is a two-dimensional image
is generated that portrays moving reflectors in color simultaneously with images.

A

Color Flow Doppler

48
Q

What regulates the amplification (brightness) of returning echoes to compensate for loss of transmitted sound caused by absorption and reflection?

A

Gain

49
Q

What is a relative term that refers to the echoes returned from a
structure?

A

Hyperechoic

50
Q

What refers to structures that contain fewer or weaker echoes
than surrounding tissues.

A

Hypoechoic

51
Q

What is the ability to distinguish between two adjacent structures
(interfaces)?

A

Resolution

52
Q

What is an electromechanical device that is part of an ultrasound
system, that contacts the patient and converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa?

A

Transducer

53
Q

What Color represents TOWARD the probe?

A

Red

54
Q

What color indicates flow going AWAY from the probe?

A

Blue

55
Q

What are the 3 main types of ultrasound probes?

A
  1. Curvilinear probe
  2. Linear probe
  3. Phased array probe
56
Q

Which probe is used for abdominal and obstetric imaging?

A

Curvilinear probe

57
Q

Which probe is used for soft tissue and small parts imaging?

A

Linear probes

58
Q

Which probe is used to “bend” the US beam from flat, small footprint to a wider pie-shaped wedge distally.

A

Phased array probes

Cardio (3 decks)

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