10.1 Flashcards
The heart is located in what cavity?
thoracic
2/3 of the heart is _______ of the midline
left
What carries blood away from the heart?
arteries
What carries blood to heart?
veins
The base of the heart is formed by the ____
atria
The apex of the heart is formed by the tip of the
left ventricle
The heart is surrounded by the
pericardium
What does the pericardium do?
Protects and holds the heart in place
What are the 2 parts of the pericardium?
- Fibrous pericardium
- Serous pericardium
Which part of the pericardium is tough, inelastic and outer connective tissue?
Fibrous pericardium
Pericardium protects the heart by doing what 2 things?
- Anchoring
- Prevents it from overstretching
Which part of the pericardium is thinner, delicate and forms double layer around heart.
Serous pericardium
What are the layers of the serous pericardium?
- Parietal layer
- Visceral layer
Which layer is fused to the fibrous pericardium?
Parietal layer
Which layer adheres tightly to the heart?
Visceral layer (epicardium)
What layer is between the parietal and visceral and filled with fluid?
pericardial cavity
What does lubricating fluid help with?
preventing friction between membranes
What are the 3 layers of the heart?
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
Which is the outer layer and includes the visceral layer?
Epicardium
Which is the muscle layer?
Myocardium
Which layer is inside the myocardium and covers valves?
Endocardium
The myocardium forms what 2 separate networks via gap junctions and intercalated disks?
- Atrial
- Ventricular
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
- Left Atrium
- Right atrium
- Left ventricle
- Right ventricle
What are the chambers separated by?
interatrial or interventricular septum
_______ are the thinnest because they empty their contents into the ventricles.
________ are thicker because they have to move blood out of the heart.
Atria
Ventricles
Which ventricle is thinner because it pumps blood to the lungs?
Which ventricle pumps blood to the entire body?
right ventricle
left ventricle
How many valves does the heart have?
4
What are the 4 valves of the heart?
- Tricuspid valve
- Bicuspid valve
- Semilunar valve
- Pulmonary valve
What are the valves designed to do?
prevent backflow
What valve is also known as the Mitral valve?
Bicuspid
What connect to papillary muscles and prevent valve cusps from pushing up into the atria when ventricles contract?
Chordae tendinae
What are the 2 Semilunar valves?
- Aortic valve
- Pulmonic valve
What drain deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower body into the right atrium.
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
What drains deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins into the right atrium.
Coronary sinus
Blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the __________ which then branches into the _________ that then carry this deoxygenated blood into the lungs to be oxygenated.
Pulmonary trunk and Pulmonary artery
What carries oxygenated blood from the lungs and transports it to the left atrium?
Pulmonary veins
What carries oxygenated blood to the entire body from the left ventricle?
Aorta
Blood flow through the myocardium is known as
coronary circulation
There are two principal coronary vessels:
- Right coronary artery
- Left coronary artery
What branches from the aorta and supply the heart with O2 rich blood?
coronary vessels
What collects the heart’s deoxygenated blood and returns it to the right atrium?
Coronary sinus
Cardiac excitation normally begins in the…?
sinoatrial (SA) node
The atria causing contraction is via the
Bachmann’s bundle
Electrical Structure of the Heart
(1) SA Node
(2) AV node
(3) Bundle of his
(4) Right and left bundle branches
(5) Purkinje fibers
When reviewing an ECG recording three discernible waves will be noted:
- P wave: atrial depolarization
- QRS Complex: ventricular depolarization
- T wave: ventricular repolarization
P wave represents what?
atrial depolarization
QRS Complex represents what?
ventricular depolarization
T wave represents what?
ventricular repolarization
A cardiac cycle represents everything associated with one heartbeat, typically lasting
0.8 seconds
What are the 3 phases in a cardiac cycle?
- Relaxation period
- Atrial systole
- Ventricular systole
In what phase do the ventricles start to relax and repolarize; all four chambers of the heart, including the atria enter into a period of diastole (dilation), the ventricles are filled to 75%.
Relaxation period
In what phase do both atria depolarize, after depolarization the last 25% of blood is ejected from the atria to the ventricles.
atrial systole
In what phase do the ventricles depolarize then contract ejecting the blood into either the pulmonary trunk or the aorta?
Ventricular systole
Approximately how many ml of blood is ejected into systemic circulation per ventricular contraction?
70 ml
What is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the
aorta per minute?
Cardiac output (CO)
What is the formula for cardiac output?
CO formula = stroke volume x heart rate
What are the five main types of blood vessels?
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Venules
- Veins
Thick, triple layered vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries
Thin vessels formed by arteries branching down in size.
Arterioles
Hair-like microscopic vessels found throughout the body. AKA exchange vessels, which connect arterioles to venules.
Capillaries
Very thin vessels formed when capillaries reunite.
Venules
Designated vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart to be oxygenated.
Veins
The ability of local tissues to adjust blood flow into the area according to metabolic demands via vasodilators and vasoconstrictors, is known as?
Autoregulation
What is defined as pressure exerted on the walls of the vessels as the ventricles contract.
Blood pressure
What is defined as the opposition to flow?
Vascular resistance
Slowest rate of blood flow, allowing time for exchange through walls occurs in the…?
capillaries
3 main types of receptors:
- Proprioceptors
- Baroreceptors
- Chemoreceptors
What monitor movements of joints and muscles?
Proprioceptors
What are pressure receptors in the aorta and carotid arteries?
Baroreceptors
What stimulate sympathetic and parasympathetic response to chemical changes in the body?
Chemoreceptors
What are the 2 main circulation pathways of blood through the body?
- Systemic circulation
- Pulmonary circulation
Is this pulmonary or systemic circulation?
Arteries and arterioles that carry oxygen and nutrient rich
blood throughout the body, veins and venules that carry carbon dioxide and waste to the right atrium.
systemic circulation
Is this pulmonary or systemic circulation?
Blood pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs, picks up
oxygen and returns via pulmonary veins to the left atria.
pulmonary circulation
4 Principal branches of the aorta
- Ascending Aorta
- Arch of the Aorta
- Thoracic Descending Aorta
- Abdominal Descending Aorta
What 2 factors regulate blood flow and BP?
- Blood volume and ventricular contraction
- Vascular resistance
Volume or blood loss more than what % is potentially life threatening?
10%
The left and right coronary arteries branch off of what?
the ascending aorta
The brachiocephalic trunk branches into what 4 arteries?
- Right common carotid artery
- Left common carotid artery
- Right subclavian artery
- Left subclavian artery
Subclavian arteries branch into what 4 arteries?
- Axillary
- Brachial
- Radial
- Ulnar
Thoracic Aorta divides into 4 arteries:
- Bronchial arteries
- Esophageal arteries
- Posterior intercostal arteries
- Superior phrenic arteries
Abdominal Aorta = Celiac trunk into 4 branches:
1) Inferior phrenic arteries
2) Common hepatic artery
3) Left gastric artery
4) Splenic artery
Gonad arteries branch into:
- Testicular
- Ovarian
Which are the 4 arteries that supply the lower limbs?
- Femoral
- Popliteal
- Anterior tibial
- Posterior tibial
- Medial and lateral plantar
Which arteries supply the pelvis?
Internal iliac arteries
What creates a pressure difference in the circulatory system, that helps to push the blood in one direction to empty it into the right atrium?
Contractions of the heart
What squeezes veins pushing their contents upwards, causing blood only to flow in one direction to the heart?
The skeletal muscle pump
What enhances blood flow to the heart by inhalation and exhalation?
The respiratory pump
What are the 3 systemic veins that carry deoxygenated blood to the heart?
- coronary sinus
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
What is the main vein to drain the heart?
coronary sinus
What empties blood drained from the head, neck, chest and upper
limbs into the superior portion of the right atria?
superior vena cava
What is the largest vein in the body, drains the abdomen, pelvis and lower extremities into the inferior portion of the right atria?
Inferior vena cava
3 main veins that drain blood away from the head:
- Internal jugular- cranial bones, meninges, and brain
- External jugular- scalp and face
- Vertebral veins- cervical vertebrae, cervical spinal cord, neck muscles.
Veins that drain the upper body are the Superficial Veins, which include 3
- Cephalic veins: Drains the lateral aspect of upper limb.
- Basilic veins: Drain medial aspect of upper limb.
- Median antecubital veins: Drain palms and forearms.
What are the 5 Deep Veins in the Upper Body
- Radial veins: Drain lateral aspect of forearm.
- Ulnar veins: Drain medial aspect of forearm.
- Brachial veins: Drain forearms, elbow joints, and arms.
- Axillary veins: Drain arms, axillae, and upper chest wall.
- Subclavian veins: Drain arms, neck, and thoracic wall.
What are veins that drain the abdomen?
Hepatic portal circulation
Veins that drain the lower body?
Superficial Veins:
- great saphenous veins
- small saphenous veins
What are the 4 Deep veins of the Lower Body?
- Posterior tibial veins
- Anterior tibial veins
- Popliteal veins
- Femoral veins
What are the 4 common arteries for taking a pulse?
- Radial
- Carotid
- Brachial
- Popliteal
What is a normal pulse rate?
75bpm
What is considered Bradycardic?
60bpm
What is considered Tachycardic?
Above 100pm
What is considered regular exercise that will improve cardiovascular health?
20min a day, 3-5 times/ week
