1010

Question 1

transgenic

Answer 1

refers to an organism that carries one or more genes from a different species

Question 2

protein

Answer 2

a macromolecule made up of repeating subunits known as amino acids, which determine the shape and function of a protein. Play critical roles in living organisms.

Question 3

Amino acids

Answer 3

building blocks of proteins. 20 different types

Question 4

gene

Answer 4

a sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein

Question 5

gene expression

Answer 5

process of using DNA instructions to make proteins

Question 6

genotype

Answer 6

genetic make up of an organism

Question 7

phenotype

Answer 7

physical attributes of an organism, including both observable and internal or non- observable traits

Question 8

alleles

Answer 8

alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences

Question 9

regulatory sequence

Answer 9

part of the gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of protein produced

Question 10

coding sequence

Answer 10

part of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. Determines identity, shape and function of proteins

Question 11

genetically modified organism

Answer 11

organism that has been genetically altered by humans

Question 12

gene therapy

Answer 12

type of treatment that aims to cure disease by replacing defective genes with functional ones

Question 13

transcription

Answer 13

first stage of gene expression, during which cells produce molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA) from instructions encoded within genes

Question 14

translation

Answer 14

second stage of gene expression, “reads” mRNA sequences and assembles the corresponding amino acid to make a protein

Question 15

messenger RNA

Answer 15

RNA copy of an original DNA sequence made during transcription

Question 16

RNA polymerase

Answer 16

enzyme that accomplishes transcription. copies a strand of DNA into a complementary strand of mRNA

Question 17

ribosome

Answer 17

cellular machinery that assembles proteins during the process of translation

Question 18

codon

Answer 18

sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid

Question 19

transfer RNA

Answer 19

type of RNA that helps ribosomes assemble chains of amino acids during translation

Question 20

anticodon

Answer 20

part of a tRNA molecule that binds to a complementary mRNA codon

Question 21

genetic code

Answer 21

particular amino acid specidied by particular mRNA codons

Question 22

tissue

Answer 22

organized group of different cell types that work together to carry out a particular function

Question 23

stem cells

Answer 23

immature cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cell types

Question 24

adult stem cells

Answer 24

(somatic stem cells) stem cells located in tissue that hep maintain and regenerate those tissue

Question 25

cellular differentiation

Answer 25

process by which a cell specializes to carry out a specific role

Question 26

differential gene expression

Answer 26

process by which genes are “turned on” (expressed) in different cell types

Question 27

multipotent

Answer 27

describes a cell with the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types in the body

Question 28

embryonic stem cells

Answer 28

stem cells that make up an early embryo, which can differentiate into nearly every cell type of the body

Question 29

blastocyst

Answer 29

stage of embryonic development in which the embryo is a hollow ball of cells. Researchers can derive embryonic stem cell lines during this stage

Question 30

pluripotent

Answer 30

describes a cell with the ability to differentiate into nearly any cell type in the body

Question 31

totipotent

Answer 31

describes a cell with the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body

Question 32

induced pluripotent stem cell

Answer 32

pluripotent stem cell that was generated by mainpulation of a differentiated somatic cell