10.1- SPECIES AND TAXONOMY

Question 1

What is classification?

Answer 1

organisation of living organisms into groups

Question 2

What is species a basic unit of?

Answer 2

basic unit of classification

Question 3

What is one main thing that is common of members of a single species?

Answer 3

they’re capable of breeding to produce living, fertile offspring

Question 4

What can happen in theory when a species reproduces sexually?

Answer 4

any of the genes of its individuals can, in theory, be combined with any other

Question 5

Why is the binomial system called so?

Answer 5

organisms identified by two names

Question 6

What sort of system is the binominal system? (features)

Answer 6

universal system

Question 7

What names does the binomial system use? (features)

Answer 7

latin or greek

Question 8

What is the first name of the binomial system? (features)

Answer 8

generic name

Question 9

What does the first name of the binomial system denote? (features)

Answer 9

genus to which organism belongs

Question 10

What is the second name of the binomial system called? (features)

Answer 10

specific name

Question 11

What does the second name of the binomial system denote? (features)

Answer 11

species to which organism belongs

Question 12

What is done to the binomial names to show they’re scientific names?

Answer 12

printed in italics or if handwritten, they’re underlined

Question 13

What case are the letters of the names from the binomial system?

Answer 13

first letter of generic name in upper case, but specific name in lower case

Question 14

What can it be written as if the specific name is not know- binomial system?

Answer 14

sp

Question 15

What is the classification of species regularly changing based on?

Answer 15

knowledge of their evolution, physical features, biochemistry and behaviour increases

Question 16

Why do members of same species resemble one another physically + biochemically?

Answer 16

have similar or same genes

Question 17

What does members of a species resembling each other physically + biochemically help to do?

Answer 17

help to distinguish members of own species from other species

Question 18

What is the behaviour of members of same species like in comparison to members of different species?

Answer 18

behaviour of members of same species more alike than that of members of different species

Question 19

What is the ability to display a behaviour determined by?

Answer 19

genetically determined

Question 20

What is the means by which a species can survive over time?

Answer 20

reproduction

Question 21

Why is it important to ensure that mating is successful + that offspring have maximum chance of survival?

Answer 21

female of most species only produce eggs at specific times, often as little as once a year

Question 22

How does courtship behaviour help to ensure mating successful? (5)

Answer 22

recognise members of own species

identify mate that’s capable of breeding

form pair bond

synchronise mating

become able to breed

Question 23

What does recognising members of own species ensure- courtship behaviour?

Answer 23

ensure mating only happens between members of same species as only members of same species can produce fertile offspring

Question 24

Why does courtship behaviour help identify mate that’s capable of breeding?

Answer 24

as both partners need to be sexually mature, fertile + receptive to mating

Question 25

What does forming a pair bond lead to- courtship behaviour?

Answer 25

lead to successful mating + raising of offspring

Question 26

How does synchronise mating help with successful mating?- courtship behaviour

Answer 26

so it happens when there's maximum probability of sperm + egg meeting

Question 27

How does becoming able to breed help with successful mating?- courtship behaviour

Answer 27

by bringing a member of opposite sex into physiological state that allows breeding to happen

Question 28

What is courtship behaviour used by males to determine?

Answer 28

whether female is at receptive period of cycle of sexual activity

Question 29

What happens if the female responds with the appropriate behavioural response?- courtship

Answer 29

courtship continues + likely to result in production of offspring

Question 30

What happens if the female is not receptive? -courtship

Answer 30

she exhibits different pattern of behaviour + male ceases to court her, turning his attentions elsewhere

Question 31

During courtship, what do animals use signals for?

Answer 31

use signals to communicate with potential mate + with members of own sex

Question 32

What is the chain of actions same for?- courtship

Answer 32

same for all members of species but different for members of different species

Question 33

What does the chain of actions being same for same species mean?- courtship

Answer 33

both individuals recognise their partner is of same species + they may be prepared to mate

Question 34

What does organising species into manageable groups allow scientists to do?

Answer 34

allows better communication between scientists + avoids confusion

Question 35

What is the grouping of organisms known as?

Answer 35

classification

Question 36

What is taxonomy?

Answer 36

theory + practice of biological classification

Question 37

What are the two main forms of biological classification?

Answer 37

artificial classification | phytogenic classification

Question 38

What does artificial classification divide organisms according to?

Answer 38

differences that are useful at the time

Question 39

What are features that organisms can be divided by- artificial classification?

Answer 39

colour, size, number of legs, leaf shape etc.

Question 40

What are analogous characteristics?

Answer 40

where they have same function but don't have same evolutionary origins

Question 41

What is phylogenetic classification based upon?

Answer 41

evolutionary relationships between organisms + their ancestors

Question 42

What does phylogenetic classification classify species into?

Answer 42

groups using shared features derived from their ancestors

Question 43

What does phylogenetic classification, arrange the groups into?

Answer 43

arrange groups into hierarchy, in which groups contained within larger composite groups with no overlap

Question 44

What are relationships in phylogenetic classification partly based on?

Answer 44

homologous characteristics

Question 45

What do homologous characteristics have in similarity?

Answer 45

have similar evolutionary origins regardless of their functions in adult of species

Question 46

What is a taxon (plural taxa)?

Answer 46

each group within phylogenetic biological classification

Question 47

What is taxonomy the study of?

Answer 47

study of taxa + their positions in hierarchical order, where they're known as taxonomic ranks

Question 48

What are the taxonomical ranks based upon?

Answer 48

evolutionary line of descent of group members

Question 49

What is a domain?- taxonomy

Answer 49

highest taxonomic rank

Question 50

What are the three recognised domain?

Answer 50

bacteria archaea eukarya

Question 51

What are bacteria?

Answer 51

group of single-celled prokaryotes

Question 52

Bacteria features: what is absent in bacteria?

Answer 52

absence of membrane-bound organelles i.e. nuclei/ mitochondria

Question 53

Bacteria features: how many cells do they consist of?

Answer 53

unicellular, although they may occur in chains or clusters

Question 54

Bacteria features: what are their ribosomes like in comparison to eukaryotic cells?

Answer 54

ribosomes smaller (70S) than in eukaryotic cells

Question 55

Bacteria features: what are their cell walls made of?

Answer 55

murein

Question 56

Bacteria features: what is their DNA like?

Answer 56

single loop of naked DNA made up of nucleic acids but no histones

Question 57

What are archaea?

Answer 57

group of single-celled prokaryotes

Question 58

What were archaea originally classified as?

Answer 58

originally classified as bacteria which they resemble in appearance

Question 59

How do archaea differ from bacteria: genes + protein synthesis?

Answer 59

their genes + protein synthesis more similar to eukaryotes

Question 60

How do archaea differ from bacteria: what do their membranes contain?

Answer 60

membranes contain fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages

Question 61

How do archaea differ from bacteria: what is not present in their cell walls?

Answer 61

no murein in their cell walls

Question 62

How do archaea differ from bacteria: what is their RNA polymerase like?

Answer 62

have more complex form of RNA polymerase

Question 63

What are eukarya?

Answer 63

group of organisms made up of one or more eukaryotic cells

Question 64

What type of organelles do eukarya possess?

Answer 64

possess membrane-bound organelles i.e. mitochondria + chloroplasts

Question 65

What do eukarya membranes contain?

Answer 65

have membranes containing fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages

Question 66

What are the cell walls of those eukarya that have cell walls, not contain?

Answer 66

contains no murein

Question 67

What are the ribosomes of eukarya like in comparison to bacteria + archaea?

Answer 67

ribosomes larger (80S)

Question 68

What is the eukarya domain divided into? (4)

Answer 68

protoctista fungi plantae animalia

Question 69

Within each of the eukarya kingdom, what is the largest groups known as?

Answer 69

phyla

Question 70

What do organisms in each phylum have a body plan like?

Answer 70

have body plan radically different from organisms in any other phylum

Question 71

What does diversity in each phylum allow?

Answer 71

allows it to be divided into classes

Question 72

What is each class divided into?

Answer 72

orders of organisms that have additional features in common

Question 73

What is each order divided into?

Answer 73

families

Question 74

What are the differences at the level of families like?

Answer 74

differences less obvious

Question 75

What is each family divided into?

Answer 75

genera

Question 76

What is each genus divided into?

Answer 76

species

Question 77

What is the hierarchical order of taxonomic ranks based upon?

Answer 77

supposed evolutionary line of descent of group members

Question 78

What is phylogency?

Answer 78

evolutionary relationship between organisms

Question 79

What does the phylogeny of an organism reflect?

Answer 79

reflects evolutionary branch that led up to it

Question 80

What are the phylogenetic relationships of different species usually represented by?

Answer 80

tree-like diagram called phylogenetic tree

Question 81

Where are the oldest and most recent species on phylogenetic trees?

Answer 81

oldest species at base of tree | most recent ones represented by ends of branches