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B10- BIODIVERSITY > 10.1- SPECIES AND TAXONOMY > Flashcards

10.1- SPECIES AND TAXONOMY Flashcards

1
Q

What is classification?

A

organisation of living organisms into groups

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2
Q

What is species a basic unit of?

A

basic unit of classification

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3
Q

What is one main thing that is common of members of a single species?

A

they’re capable of breeding to produce living, fertile offspring

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4
Q

What can happen in theory when a species reproduces sexually?

A

any of the genes of its individuals can, in theory, be combined with any other

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5
Q

Why is the binomial system called so?

A

organisms identified by two names

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6
Q

What sort of system is the binominal system? (features)

A

universal system

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7
Q

What names does the binomial system use? (features)

A

latin or greek

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8
Q

What is the first name of the binomial system? (features)

A

generic name

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9
Q

What does the first name of the binomial system denote? (features)

A

genus to which organism belongs

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10
Q

What is the second name of the binomial system called? (features)

A

specific name

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11
Q

What does the second name of the binomial system denote? (features)

A

species to which organism belongs

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12
Q

What is done to the binomial names to show they’re scientific names?

A

printed in italics or if handwritten, they’re underlined

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13
Q

What case are the letters of the names from the binomial system?

A

first letter of generic name in upper case, but specific name in lower case

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14
Q

What can it be written as if the specific name is not know- binomial system?

A

sp

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15
Q

What is the classification of species regularly changing based on?

A

knowledge of their evolution, physical features, biochemistry and behaviour increases

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16
Q

Why do members of same species resemble one another physically + biochemically?

A

have similar or same genes

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17
Q

What does members of a species resembling each other physically + biochemically help to do?

A

help to distinguish members of own species from other species

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18
Q

What is the behaviour of members of same species like in comparison to members of different species?

A

behaviour of members of same species more alike than that of members of different species

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19
Q

What is the ability to display a behaviour determined by?

A

genetically determined

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20
Q

What is the means by which a species can survive over time?

A

reproduction

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21
Q

Why is it important to ensure that mating is successful + that offspring have maximum chance of survival?

A

female of most species only produce eggs at specific times, often as little as once a year

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22
Q

How does courtship behaviour help to ensure mating successful? (5)

A

recognise members of own species

identify mate that’s capable of breeding

form pair bond

synchronise mating

become able to breed

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23
Q

What does recognising members of own species ensure- courtship behaviour?

A

ensure mating only happens between members of same species as only members of same species can produce fertile offspring

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24
Q

Why does courtship behaviour help identify mate that’s capable of breeding?

A

as both partners need to be sexually mature, fertile + receptive to mating

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25
Q

What does forming a pair bond lead to- courtship behaviour?

A

lead to successful mating + raising of offspring

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26
Q

How does synchronise mating help with successful mating?- courtship behaviour

A

so it happens when there’s maximum probability of sperm + egg meeting

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27
Q

How does becoming able to breed help with successful mating?- courtship behaviour

A

by bringing a member of opposite sex into physiological state that allows breeding to happen

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28
Q

What is courtship behaviour used by males to determine?

A

whether female is at receptive period of cycle of sexual activity

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29
Q

What happens if the female responds with the appropriate behavioural response?- courtship

A

courtship continues + likely to result in production of offspring

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30
Q

What happens if the female is not receptive? -courtship

A

she exhibits different pattern of behaviour + male ceases to court her, turning his attentions elsewhere

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31
Q

During courtship, what do animals use signals for?

A

use signals to communicate with potential mate + with members of own sex

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32
Q

What is the chain of actions same for?- courtship

A

same for all members of species but different for members of different species

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33
Q

What does the chain of actions being same for same species mean?- courtship

A

both individuals recognise their partner is of same species + they may be prepared to mate

34
Q

What does organising species into manageable groups allow scientists to do?

A

allows better communication between scientists + avoids confusion

35
Q

What is the grouping of organisms known as?

A

classification

36
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

theory + practice of biological classification

37
Q

What are the two main forms of biological classification?

A

artificial classification

phytogenic classification

38
Q

What does artificial classification divide organisms according to?

A

differences that are useful at the time

39
Q

What are features that organisms can be divided by- artificial classification?

A

colour, size, number of legs, leaf shape etc.

40
Q

What are analogous characteristics?

A

where they have same function but don’t have same evolutionary origins

41
Q

What is phylogenetic classification based upon?

A

evolutionary relationships between organisms + their ancestors

42
Q

What does phylogenetic classification classify species into?

A

groups using shared features derived from their ancestors

43
Q

What does phylogenetic classification, arrange the groups into?

A

arrange groups into hierarchy, in which groups contained within larger composite groups with no overlap

44
Q

What are relationships in phylogenetic classification partly based on?

A

homologous characteristics

45
Q

What do homologous characteristics have in similarity?

A

have similar evolutionary origins regardless of their functions in adult of species

46
Q

What is a taxon (plural taxa)?

A

each group within phylogenetic biological classification

47
Q

What is taxonomy the study of?

A

study of taxa + their positions in hierarchical order, where they’re known as taxonomic ranks

48
Q

What are the taxonomical ranks based upon?

A

evolutionary line of descent of group members

49
Q

What is a domain?- taxonomy

A

highest taxonomic rank

50
Q

What are the three recognised domain?

A

bacteria
archaea
eukarya

51
Q

What are bacteria?

A

group of single-celled prokaryotes

52
Q

Bacteria features: what is absent in bacteria?

A

absence of membrane-bound organelles i.e. nuclei/ mitochondria

53
Q

Bacteria features: how many cells do they consist of?

A

unicellular, although they may occur in chains or clusters

54
Q

Bacteria features: what are their ribosomes like in comparison to eukaryotic cells?

A

ribosomes smaller (70S) than in eukaryotic cells

55
Q

Bacteria features: what are their cell walls made of?

A

murein

56
Q

Bacteria features: what is their DNA like?

A

single loop of naked DNA made up of nucleic acids but no histones

57
Q

What are archaea?

A

group of single-celled prokaryotes

58
Q

What were archaea originally classified as?

A

originally classified as bacteria which they resemble in appearance

59
Q

How do archaea differ from bacteria: genes + protein synthesis?

A

their genes + protein synthesis more similar to eukaryotes

60
Q

How do archaea differ from bacteria: what do their membranes contain?

A

membranes contain fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages

61
Q

How do archaea differ from bacteria: what is not present in their cell walls?

A

no murein in their cell walls

62
Q

How do archaea differ from bacteria: what is their RNA polymerase like?

A

have more complex form of RNA polymerase

63
Q

What are eukarya?

A

group of organisms made up of one or more eukaryotic cells

64
Q

What type of organelles do eukarya possess?

A

possess membrane-bound organelles i.e. mitochondria + chloroplasts

65
Q

What do eukarya membranes contain?

A

have membranes containing fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages

66
Q

What are the cell walls of those eukarya that have cell walls, not contain?

A

contains no murein

67
Q

What are the ribosomes of eukarya like in comparison to bacteria + archaea?

A

ribosomes larger (80S)

68
Q

What is the eukarya domain divided into? (4)

A

protoctista
fungi
plantae
animalia

69
Q

Within each of the eukarya kingdom, what is the largest groups known as?

A

phyla

70
Q

What do organisms in each phylum have a body plan like?

A

have body plan radically different from organisms in any other phylum

71
Q

What does diversity in each phylum allow?

A

allows it to be divided into classes

72
Q

What is each class divided into?

A

orders of organisms that have additional features in common

73
Q

What is each order divided into?

A

families

74
Q

What are the differences at the level of families like?

A

differences less obvious

75
Q

What is each family divided into?

A

genera

76
Q

What is each genus divided into?

A

species

77
Q

What is the hierarchical order of taxonomic ranks based upon?

A

supposed evolutionary line of descent of group members

78
Q

What is phylogency?

A

evolutionary relationship between organisms

79
Q

What does the phylogeny of an organism reflect?

A

reflects evolutionary branch that led up to it

80
Q

What are the phylogenetic relationships of different species usually represented by?

A

tree-like diagram called phylogenetic tree

81
Q

Where are the oldest and most recent species on phylogenetic trees?

A

oldest species at base of tree

most recent ones represented by ends of branches

B10- BIODIVERSITY (5 decks)

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