101 CULTURE & ETHNICITY Flashcards
it is holistic and encompasses the client’s perspectives on health, which are greatly influenced by the client’s culture
nursing care
it is care that is centered on the client’s cultural point of view and integrates the client’s values and beliefs into the plan of care
culturally responsive care
refers to the “thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups”
culture
it is usually composed of people who have a distinct identity and yet are related to a larger cultural group
subculture
it is used to describe a person who has multiple patterns of identification or crosses several cultures, lifestyles, and sets of values
multicultural
refers to the fact or state of being different
diversity
is a term with many definitions, often used interchangeably with the terms ethnicity and culture
race
is a term often interchangeably used with race
ethnicity
may be viewed as a relationship among individuals who believe that they have distinctive characteristics that make them a group
ethnicity
is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnicity or citizenship
nationality
refers to the sovereign state or country where an individual has membership, which may be through birth, through inheritance (parents), or through naturalization
nationality
may be considered a system of beliefs, practices, and ethical values about divine or superhuman power worshipped as the creator(s) and ruler(s) of the universe
religion
is the belief in the superiority of one’s own culture and lifestyle
ethnocentrism
the fear or dislike of people different from one’s self
xenophobia
is a preconceived notion or judgment that is not based on sufficient knowledge; it may be favorable or unfavorable
prejudice
other types of prejudice
racial prejudice
refers to assumptions held about racial groups
racism
refers to the negative treatment of individuals or groups on the basis of their race, ethnicity, gender, or other group membership
discrimination
statements about common cultural patterns
generalizations
refers to making the assumption that an individual reflects all characteristics associated with being a member of a group
stereotyping
are the differences in care experienced by one population compared with another population
health disparities
4 categories of determinants of health
social, behavioral, environmental, and biological and genetic determinants of health
it includes:
gender, socioeconomic status, employment status, educational attainment, food security status, availability of housing and transportation, racism, and health system access and quality
social determinants of health
it includes:
patterns of overweight and obesity; exercise norms; and use of illicit drugs, tobacco, or alcohol
behavioral determinants of health
it includes:
lead exposure, asthma triggers, workplace safety factors, unsafe or polluted living conditions
environmental determinants of health
it includes:
family history of heart disease and inherited conditions such as hemophilia and cystic fibrosis
biological and genetic determinants of health
“The responsibility of supporting cultural competence is shared among individual nurses, employers, educators, professional associations, regulatory bodies, unions, accreditation organizations, government and the public”
cultural models of nursing care
the term transcultural nursing has been promulgated by the theorist ___
Madeleine Leininger
focuses on providing care within the differences and similarities of the beliefs, values, and patterns of cultures
transcultural nursing
created the theory of culture care diversity and universality
Madeleine Leininger
is “the ongoing process in which the health care professional continu- ously strives to achieve the ability and availability to work effectively within the cultural context of the patient (individual, family, community).”
cultural competence
cultural competence
Campinha-Bacote (2011)
5 constructs under cultural competence
cultural desire, cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skills, and cultural encounters
the motivation to “want to”engage in the process of becoming culturally aware, culturally knowledgeable, culturally skillful, and seeking cultural encounters
cultural desire
self-examination of one’s own prejudices and biases toward other cultures, and an in-depth exploration of one’s own cultural/ethnic background
cultural awareness
obtaining a sound educational foundation concerning the various worldviews of different cultures
cultural knowledge
the ability to collect culturally relevant data regarding the client’s health in a culturally sensitive manner
cultural skills
engaging in face-to-face cultural interactions with persons from diverse backgrounds, and learning to modify one’s existing beliefs and prevent possible stereotyping
cultural encounters
is predicated on the concept of holistic health and describes what people do from a traditional perspective to maintain, protect, and restore health
HEALTH traditions model (Spector, 2013)
refers to those customs, beliefs, or practices that have existed for many generations without changing
traditional
it includes all physical aspects, such as genetic inheritance, body chemistry, gender, age, nutrition, and physical condition
body
it includes cognitive processes, such as thoughts, memories, and knowledge of such emotional processes as feelings, defenses, and self-esteem
mind
it includes both positive and negative learned spiritual practices and teachings, dreams, symbols, stories, protecting forces, and metaphysical or native forces
spirit
thousand-year-old eggs represent traditional foods that may be eaten daily to maintain ___ HEALTH (China)
physical
enjoyment of nature, the natural environment, may be a universal way of maintaining ___ HEALTH
mental
Islamic prayer represents a way of maintaining ___ HEALTH (East Jerusalem)
spiritual
Red string may be worn to protect ___ HEALTH (Tomb of Rachel in Bethlehem, Israel)
physical
eye represents the plethora of eye-related objects that may be worn or hung in the home to protect the ___ HEALTH of people by shielding them from the envy and bad wishes of others (Cuba)
mental
thunderbird may be worn for ___ protection and good luck (Hopi Nation)
spiritual
herbal remedy represents aromatic plants that may be used by people from all ethnocultural traditional backgrounds as one method of restoring ___ HEALTH (Africa)
physical
Tiger balm represents substances that are used in massage therapy as a way of restoring ___ HEALTH (Singapore)
mental
Rosary beads symbolize prayer and meditation methods used in the ___ restoration of HEALTH (Italy)
spiritual
3 commonly held views of health beliefs
magico-religious, scientific / biomedical, and holistic
health and illness are controlled by supernatural forces
magico-religious health belief view
client may believe that illness is the result of “being bad” or op- posing the creator(s)’ will
magico-religious health belief view
is based on the belief that life is controlled by physical and biochemical processes that can be manipulated by humans
scientific or biomedical health belief
client with this view will be- lieve that illness is caused by germs, viruses, bacteria, or a breakdown of the body
scientific or biomedical health belief
holds that the forces of nature must be maintained in balance or harmony.
holistic health belief
is one aspect of nature that must be in harmony with the rest of nature. When the natural balance or harmony is disturbed, illness results
human life
is defined as those beliefs and practices relating to illness prevention and healing that derive from cultural traditions rather than from modern medicine’s scientific base
folk medicine
is considered the basic unit of society; however, the concept of family is complex and influenced by personal and social values
family pattern
are closely interconnected. Through communication, the culture is transmitted from one generation to the next, and knowledge about the culture is transmitted within the group and to those outside the group
communication and culture
converts written material (such as client education pamphlets) from one language into another
translator
is able to transform the message expressed in a spoken or signed source language into its equivalent in a target language, so that the interpreted message has the potential of eliciting the same response in the listener as the original message
interpreter
interpreter must also serve as a ___ and engage both provider and client effectively and efficiently in accessing the nuances and hidden socio-cultural assumptions embedded in each other’s language
cultural broker
it includes the use of silence, touch, eye movement, facial expressions, and body posture
nonverbal communication
is a relative concept that includes the individual, the body, the surrounding environment, and objects within that environment
space
refers to an individual’s focus on the past, the present, or the future
time orientation
most cultures have staple foods that are
plentiful or readily accessible in the environment
nutritional patterns
2 are are quick assessment tools to better understand the client’s perspective
LEARN model and the 4’Cs
is a commonly used tool (Berlin & Fowkes, 1983)
LEARN
LEARN
Listen
Explain
Acknowledge
Recommeng
Negotiate
actively with empathy to the client’s perception of the problem
listen
what you think you heard/ask for clarification
explain
the importance of what is said and what it means
acknowledge
inclusive strategies
recommend
the plan of care by collaborating with the client and others
negotiate
were developed by Slavin, Galanti, and Kuo (as cited in Galanti, 2012)
4 C’s of Culture
4 C’s
call, caused, cope, concerns
