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Geg101 > 101 > Flashcards

101 Flashcards

1
Q

open system

A

flows of e and matter in and out

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2
Q

closed system

A

flows of e in and out

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3
Q

all systems on earth are

A

open

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4
Q

the earth is what typw of system

A

closed

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5
Q

e sources for earth systems

A 
sun
moon
extraterrestrial material
grav
radioactivity
chem sources
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6
Q

system flow of co2-temp

A 
inc co2
inc temp
less snow n ice
dec albedo
inc temp
(pos feedback, vicious)
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7
Q

pos feedback

A

reinforcement

vicious/virtous

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8
Q

neg feedback

A

self regulating

dampening down of origional signal

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9
Q

by 2100 how much temp inc range

A

0.3 to 4.8

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10
Q

by 2100 how much sea level rise range

A

26 to 82 cm

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11
Q

1st law of thermo

A

e not created or destroyed, only transferred

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12
Q

2nd law of thermo

A

transformations only occur when degredation occurs

ie) pe to ke

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13
Q

autotrophs

A

primary producers, form biomass from simple inorganic sources

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14
Q

heterotrophs

A

rely on other organsims for e

consumers

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15
Q

loss of e on small food chains can be

A

20-90%

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16
Q

aver solar e at top of atmos

A

2.63x10^6 kcal/m^2/y

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17
Q

planetry albedo %

A

36

clouds, atmos, dust n surface

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18
Q

% of insolation absorbed n re radiated

A

64

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19
Q

visible light wavelength

A

400-700nm

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20
Q

diurnal variation of insolation

A

midday and dawn

m: max vert intensity
d: low angle, spread

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21
Q

how do seasons vary insolation

A

orbital tilt cause change in pos of sun n local incidence

eccentricity of orbit (how much deviates from circular)

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22
Q

eccentricity of earth

A

0.0167

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23
Q

variation in insolation due to seasons

A

+- 3.5%

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24
Q

when did biosphere 2 project begin

A

sept 91, 8 sealed in

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25
Q

aim of b2

A

create balanced and slef sustaining replica of earths ecosystems

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26
Q

initial decline of o2 in b2 thought to be bc

A

system stabilisation

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27
Q

after how long was o2 pumed into b2

A

18/24, non self sustaining

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28
Q

reason for o2 depletion in b2

A

microbes in soil metabolise at abnormally large rate

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29
Q

why didnt plants uptake large co2 in b2

A

reacted w calcium hydro in concrete

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30
Q

how much more calcium carb found inside than out in b2

A

10x

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31
Q

what thrived in b2

A

crazy ants, cockroaches, morning glory

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32
Q

how many small vertibrate species died in b2

A

19/25

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33
Q

how many insects died in b2 and effect on plants

A

almost all inc pollenating so no plant prop

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34
Q

other issues w b2

A

water too nutrient rich (leeching)- had to run over algae mats
level of dinitrate ox dangerously high (b12)

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35
Q 
albedo of:
trop rain for
farmland
woodland
grass
A

13%
16-18%
15-26%
25%

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36
Q

3 photosynthetic pathways

A

c3
c4
cam

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37
Q

what happens to plants during daytime

A

stomata open- co2 in, water out

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38
Q

percentage of c3 plants

A

85

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39
Q

purpose of photosynthesis

A

synthesise carbs from co2 n soil moisture

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40
Q

why os c3 inefficient

A

low co2 in chloro

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41
Q

c3 plants are adpated to

A

high co2
low temp
low moisture stress

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42
Q

when did c4 plants first evolve

A

7m years ago miocene

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43
Q

why did c4 plants become

A

low co2 and high aridity

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44
Q

what is moisture stress

A

water levels in plants lower than optimum/ norm

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45
Q

fixed co2 in c3 can be released by

A

photoresp

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46
Q

how c4 photo work

A

Co2 in
Fixed in mesophyll cells to 4C
Transported to chloro in centre of leaf within vascular bundles
Completed by rubisco

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47
Q

what secondary process doesnt occur in c4

A

photoresp

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48
Q

what is a biogeochemical cycle

A

how resources are utilised w/in geochemical cycle by living organisms

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49
Q

90% of biomass is composed of

A

c/h/o

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50
Q

earths reservoirs

A

biosphere
atmosphere
geosphere

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51
Q

geochemical cycles

A

the flow of elements through the Earth’s reservoirs (biotic and abiotic)

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52
Q

natural carbon source

A

volcanic and mid oceanic ridge subduction

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53
Q

co2 inc from 1750-2014

A

280-over 400 ppm

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54
Q

co2 levels currently are highest since

A

800,000 years afo

55
Q

in 50 yrs @ mauno loa how much has co2 inc

A

310-390ppm

56
Q

how often does mauna loa erupt

A

33 time since 1843

57
Q

main sources of co2 (anthrop)

A

land cover change
fossil fuel combustion
cement manufacture

58
Q

what percentage of anthrop co2 enters atmo

A

around 50

59
Q

3 main carbon sinks

A

atmosphere
biosphere
oceans

60
Q

if rate of photo is higher than resp

A

biomass inc

61
Q

how do oceans store c

A

carbonic acid
phyloplankton form calcareous ooze on sea floor
corals/ mosuscs bicarbonate from water (>21oC)

62
Q

anerobic carbon cycle

A

methanogenic bact produce methane

methanotrophs convert to co2 aerobically

63
Q

methane levels highest since

A

800,000 years ago

64
Q

more effective greenhouse gas? co2 or methane

A

methane

65
Q

methane levelshave increase by how much since 1750

A

150%

66
Q

methane is created in a process called

A

fermentation

67
Q

anthrop methane sources

A 
rice paddies
domest cattle
biomass burning
coal mining
gas flaring
gas leakage
rubbish dumps
68
Q

nitrogen cycle involves what processes

A

ammonification
nitrification
denitrificztion

69
Q

nitrogen cycle ‘equation’

A

nitrogen-ammonia-ammonium-nitrite-nitrate

70
Q

ammonification

A

convert n to ammonia/ammonium in upper soil layers

71
Q

what organisms cause ammonification

A

bacteria
actinomyceres
fungi

72
Q

nitrification

A

ammonium absorbed to clay particles

73
Q

denitrification

A

the loss or removal of nitrogen or nitrogen compounds

74
Q

denitrif occurs…

A

anaerobically (waterlogged soils) up to 15% lost

75
Q

in denitrif what reduces nitrites

A

heterotrophic bacteria

76
Q

nitrites can be lost thru

A

leeching

77
Q

leeching leads to

A

eutrophication

78
Q

what is the process of industrial production of ammonia

A

haber bosch process

79
Q

when was haber bosch process discovered

A

20th century

80
Q

how does hb process work

A

convert nitrogen to ammonia when reacgted w/ hydrogen (catalyst at high temp n pressure)

81
Q

what is a nitrate vulnerable zone

A

land w/ drains into nitrate polluted water/ water that could become polluted by nitrates

82
Q

eu mandate on nitrates

A

max 50 mg per litre in drinking water
reduce fertiliser
no fertilisers at winter
change times animal waste is applied

83
Q

why did the eu mandate prevent fertiliser use in winter

A

run off greatest
plant uptake lowest
large amounts of leeching as result

84
Q

the sulphur cycle has many fluxes between

A

abiotic and biotic components

85
Q

abiotic sulphur mainly in

A

rocks

some in atmos from fossil fuels

86
Q

why is sulphur important

A

required for chlorophyll creation

87
Q

the sulphate anion

A

released in weathering/ oxidation of rocks
present in soil and soil water
absorbed by plants roots for proteins and vita
passed along food chains

88
Q

main ways sulphur goes from land to atmos

A

volcanic activity
soil dust
insudtrial
bacterial

89
Q

main ways sulphur goes from oceans to atmos

A

HTVs
biogenic gases
sea spray

90
Q

main ways sulphur enters the ocean

A

decompostion

river water

91
Q

sulphur can be deposited to in two forms

A

wet and dry

92
Q

who ‘discovered’ acid rain and when

A

robert angus smith

93
Q

when did acid rain become major international concern

A

70s

94
Q

effect of acid rain on trees

A

rarely kills but stunts growth by soil degradation

95
Q

soil degradation leads to

A

nutrient depreivation

96
Q

effect of acid rain on natural weathering

A

accelerated

97
Q

acid rain falling on soil…

A

lowers ph as inc uptake of hydrogen ions and toxic aluminium oins

98
Q

sphagnum moss thrives after acid rain bc

A

tolerant of low ph and high aluminium conc

99
Q

how many swedish lakes are severly acidified

A

around 17,000

100
Q

lake accidification effect on eco systems

A

highly degraded

101
Q

what is liming

A

short term solution to neutralise water ph

102
Q

long term solution to lake acidification

A

control pollution

103
Q

where is the homer city generatng station?

A

pennsylvania

104
Q

what is homer city generating station

A

bituminous coal fired power station

105
Q

the legal battle of homer city

A

releases most amount of sulphur dioxide of all us power stations, in 2012 installed a desulphurising unit at cost of 750m dollars

106
Q

phosphorus role in plants

A

moves e from atp to other molecules (drives enzyme reaction and cellular transport)
used to form nucleic acids and phospholipids (cell membrane/ bilayer)
limits net primary production

107
Q

where is phosphorus naturally found

A

crystalline rock, released by wweathering

108
Q

phosp avaliability depends mostly on…

A

soil ph

109
Q

if soil is acidic phosphorus is

A

relatively insoluable

110
Q

if soil is alkaline phosphurus is

A

insoluable

111
Q

if soil is neutral phosphorus is

A

absorbed by clay

112
Q

phosphorus in neutral soil is composed as

A

orthophospjate anion

113
Q

mineralisation

A

microbial action which converts org phos to inorg phos (insoluable to soluable)

114
Q

why is soil phos usuallu what limits plants

A

low avaliability

115
Q

opposite of mineralisation

A

immobilisation (soluable to insoluable)

116
Q

phos anthropogenic influences

A

p fertiliser (particularly asia)
agricultural intensification (soil erosion)
used in detergents
sewage treatment eliminates pathogens not nutrients

117
Q

phosphorus in lakes leads to

A

eutrophication

118
Q

how was role of phosphorus in eutrophication discovered

A

whole lake fertilisation experiments

119
Q

example of whole lake fert exper

A 
NW Ontario, CAN
divided by vinyl curtain
lower- p/n/c
upper- n/c
lower basin became eutrophic (phytoplankton/ algae)
120
Q

by 2050 how much will demand for phos inc

A

50-100%

121
Q

phosphorus is what type of resource?

A

non renewable

122
Q

by when will phos reserves be depleted at current rates

A

50-100 years

123
Q

issues of phos reserves

A

potentially more costly and contaminated

124
Q

main phos reserves

A

morocco, china n usa

125
Q

biogeography

A

study of past n present geographic distribution of life on earth

126
Q

related disciplines of biogeography (b.c.e.eb.g.p.p.ss)

A 
botany
climatology
ecology
evolutionary biology
geology
palaeontology
physiology
soil science
127
Q

island biogeography

A

study of distribution n dynamics of species in island env

128
Q

islands act as __________ ffor biogeography

A

natural labs

129
Q

3 types of islands

A

seperated by sea level rise (biota similar to mainland eg britain)
volcanic arc/ mountain chain
hot spots- hawaii

130
Q

how do organisms get to islands

A

floating islands of veg

hurricanes

131
Q

example of floating island

A

1969 vegetation travelled 150km from east cuba

132
Q

example of hurricane transporting organisms to island

A

1995 logs n uprooted trees transported to anguilla from guadeloupe (250km)- iguanas?
plaants better adapted to travel long distances

133
Q

island biodiversity depends on

A

rate of colonisation
distance
richness of source

Geg101 (2 decks)

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