10.1 Flashcards
1
Q
3 main functions of blood
A
gass exchange
body temperature maintenance
acid-base, fluid and electrolyte balance.
2
Q
normal PH
A
7.35-7.45
3
Q
men and women average amount of blood
A
4-5 liters
4
Q
what does blood volume depend on
A
body size, muscle mass, and physical fitness.
5
Q
what determines the color of blood?
A
the oxygen level in the blood strea. Oxygen rich blood is brighter red than oxygen poor blood.
6
Q
whatt percent of body weight does blood make up
A
8%
7
Q
tempreture of blood
A
100.4 F or 38 C
8
Q
why is blood thicker than water
A
Blood contains solid components such as formed elements and plasma proteins.
9
Q
what makes blood flow harder
A
thicker blood
10
Q
factors that increase blood viscosity
A
decreased blood temperature
prolonged exposure to high altitude
and elevated number of RBCs
11
Q
liquid component of blood
A
plasma
12
Q
solid component of blood
A
formed elements
13
Q
formed elements consists of
A
erythrocytes (RBC)
leukocytes( WBC)
Platelets
14
Q
percent plasma
A
55%
15
Q
percent formed elements
A
45%
16
Q
centrifuge
A
a machine that spins and generaates a centrifugal force that seperates the elements of the blood
17
Q
3 layers of blood
A
liquid plasma
buffy coat
RBC
18
Q
what does the buffy coat contain
A
WBC and platelets
19
Q
hematocrit
A
RBC/ total blood %
20
Q
men hematocrit
A
45%
21
Q
female hematocritc
A
40%
22
Q
what can cause hematocrit to increse due to loss of blood plasma or decreased blood volume?
A
dehydration
23
Q
what percent can altitude exposure make your hemocrit
A
60-65%
24
Q
composition of plasma
A
90% water
8% plasma proteins
2% mixture of electrolytes, nutrients, ions, respiratory gases, hormones, and waste products
25
3 types of proteins in plassma
firbrinogen
albumin
globulin
25
where are the formed elements transported
the plasma
26
as blood travels through the body what does it collect
carbon dioxide, a waste product
27
what does plasma contain that provides the primary means for carbon dioxide transport
bicarbonate
28
what do buffers such as bicarbonate, phosphate and sulphate regluate?
Blood PH
29
what do electrolytes contain
sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, and calcium
30
why does our blood's composition vary from minute to minute
because of gas exchange and different substances being added to or removed from plasma.
31
why does blood plasma transport elements throughout the body?
homeostasis
32
Main function of RBC
Gas exchange
33
how many rbc's per cubic milimeter
4-6 million
34
What shape are mature RBC's in
Bioconcave disc
35
how big are mature RBCs
7-8 micrometers in diameter
36
what happens when RBCs develop
the nucleus is forced out of the cell causing the center to collapse
37
what are 3 important functions of RBC's collapsing and getting rid of nucleus
1.) increase the surface are of cell providing larger binding site
2.) increases the flexibilty of the cell so it can fit into capillary openings
3.) it limits the life span to 120 days, without nucleus can't replicate
38
what is the workhorse of the RBC
hemoglobin, binding site
39
where do oxgen and carbon dioxide bind to
hemoglobin
40
each molecule has ____ heme binding sites are there for for oxgen
4
41
why is your hemoglobin level measure before donating blood
because removing blood from your body lowers the iron level. Iron is neccesary from mainting energy and strength
42
how many hemoglobin molecules does one RBC contain
250 million
43
how many oxgen molecules does 1 RBC carry
1 billion
44
In men, how many grams of hemoglobin per deciliter
12-16
45
In women, how many grams of hemoglobin per deciliter
13-18
46
what molecule is created from oxygen binding to hemoglobin in the capillary of the lungs?
oxyhemoglobin
47
where does the oxgen unload from the hemoglob diffusing from the blood into oxygen- deprived tissues
In the tissue capillaries
48
what protien serves as the binding site for carbon dioxide
globin protein
49
what molecule is formed once a carbon dioxide has attached to the hemoglobin molecule
carbaminohemoglobin
50
what molecule transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be expelled from the body
carbaminohemoglobin
51
the kidneys regulate RBC production through
erthropoiesis
52
what hormone do the kidneys secrete when oxygen content decreases
erthropoietin
53
what stimulates cell production of RBCs in the red bone marrow
erthropoietin
54
what happens to erthropoitin levels, and RBC production when additional RBCs are produced and blood oxygen levels rise
erthropoietin level diminish, slowing RBC production
55
what causes kidneys to relase erythropoietin and stimulate RBC production
conditions or factors that lower blood oxygen levels
56
What is needed for RBC and bone marrow production
iron, folic acid, viatamin B12
57
process by which macrophages in the liver and spleen eat and recycle old RBC
Phagocytosis
58
hemolysis
Rupture of RBCs
59
other reasons for hemolysis
disease of the RBCs cause by antibodies, infections, or blood transfusion complications
60
how is a hemoglobin molecule recucled
seperated into heme and globin
61
the globin is further broken down into
amino acids that are later used to make new proteins
62
what is the heme further broken down into
iron and bilrubin
63
where is the iron stored until the bone marrow needs it to manufacture RBCs
the liver
64
where is bilrubin excreted into
the bile
65
where is the bile transported to
the gallbladder
66
after the gall bladder where does the bile travel to
intestines
67
in the end what is the bile excreted into
the feces
68
body's infection fighters
WBC
69
how many WBC's per cubic millimeter does the blood contain
4,300 to 10.800 WBCs per cubic milimeter.
70
1 WBC=
700 RBC
71
why is the 1 WBC to 700 RBC misleading
because WBCs can leave the blood but RBCs can't
72
what process do WBCs slip through spaces in the capillary walls as they move from the blood to infection sites in the body tissues
diapedis
73
what happens when a foreign microorganism is dectect
the body dramatically increase WBC production. Doubles and race to battle infection
74
WBcs engluf and digest bacteria and other antiegens
phagocytosis
75
ways that WBCs fight infection
phagocytosis, produce antibodies, intensify the inflammatory repsonse, play a role in allergic reactions, or destroy parasitic worms
76
5 types of WBC
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
77
granulocytes
neutrophils eosinophils basophils
78
what has granules in their cytoplasm
granulocytes
79
agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
80
wrights stain
a staining solution that shows the WBC nucleus
81
most abundant type of WBC
neutrophils
82
"first responders" active phagocytes, vital to fighting infection
neutrophils
83
what percent of WBCs are eosinophils
1-3%
84
participates in inflammatory processees, allergic reactions, capable of phagocytosis. particullary active in the presence of parasites and worms
eosinophils
85
least abundant WBC
basophils
86
produce histamin, summons more infection fighting WBCs
basophils
87
basophils produce
heparin
88
heparin
an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting
89
second most abundant
lymphocytes
90
2 types of lymphocytes
T cells and B cells
91
more than ____ of lymphocytes are T cells.
80%
92
forms antibodies to fight antigens, cancer fighting
lymphocytes
93
largest WBC in the body
Monocytes
94
produced in red bone marrow and then moved to the blood where they remain 1-3 days before migrating into body tissues
monocytes
95
what do monocytes develop that devour microoragnisms
macrophages
96
small irregularly shaped cell fragments that do not have a nucleus
platelets
97
where are platelets derived from
multicleated megakaryocytes, specialized bone marrow cells
98
RBC, WBCm and megakaryocytes develop from
a hematopoietic stem
99
this hormone regulates platelet production from megakaryocytes
thrombopoietin
100
where is thrombopoietin produced
liver and kidneys
101
the sequence of events that causes blood clots to form and bleeding to stop.
hemostasis
102
4 key steps in hemostasis
1.) vesseel injury and constriction
2.) platelet agreesion
3.) platelet plug formation and coagulation
4.) blood clot formation
103
1.) vessel wall injury and constiriction
1.) site of injury
2.) endothelin release causes constriction
3.) collagen fibers exposed
104
2.) platelet agreesion
1.) platelet adhesion
2.) chemicals released by platelets
3.) platelets gather
4.) platelets cluster to repair wall
105
3.) platelet plug formation and coagulation
1.) tissue factor released
2.) clotting factors released
106
4.) blood clot formation
1.) red and white blood cells are trapped in mesh
2.) release of coagulation inhibitors and other chemicals.
107
transporting lipids, fat soluable viatamins
plasma
108
regulating blood pressure and volume
plasma
109
assisting in blood clot formation
plasma
