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BioMedChem M2 > 10 - Vitamins & Minerals > Flashcards

10 - Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

TPP

A

Thiamine PyroPhosphate, Converted from Thiamin = B1

is bound Tightly as a Prosthetic Group in several enzymes such as: PDH, a-ketoglutarate DH, Transketolase

2 major roles:

Degradation of a-ketoacids via non-/+oxidative carboxylation

Transfer of 2-carbon fragments from ketose->aldose in transketolization

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2
Q

Macroelement, >100mg/day

Cofactor for Enzymes

A

Magnesium

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3
Q

Calcium Metabolism

Rickets / Osteomalacia

nuclear hormone for genes involved in

calcium & bone metabolism

A

Vitamin D

Use / Deficiency

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4
Q

Source of Coenzymes** & **Prosthetic Groups

Organic molecules that body cannot make itself

generally processed by the body into active form

1 vitamin can provide 1+ cofactor

(riboflavin -> FAD +FMN)

can also act more like substitute hormones (Vit D)

A

Vitamin

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5
Q

Zinc

Zn

A

Trace Element, 1-100mg/day

Immune Function

Metabolism of alcohol

DNA & proteins

ROS protection

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6
Q

Cl/aP - KisS MyNutz

>100mg/day by adults

7

Cl / Ca / P

K / S / Mg / Na

A

Essential MACRO elements

minerals

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7
Q

from thiamine (B1) deficiency in diet

TPP = prosthetic group key in carb/AA metabolism

Cross-Over Theorem shows accumalation of:

PDH / transketolase / a-ketoglutarate-DH

often shown in Alcoholics

Neurologic & CV Symptoms

EDEMA & Heart ENLARGEMENT

A

Beri-Beri

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8
Q

Vitamin D

Use / Deficiency

A

Calcium Metabolism

Rickets / Osteomalacia

nuclear hormone for genes involved in

calcium & bone metabolism

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9
Q

Folate Antagonist

block regeneration of THF (from B9)

Anti-Cancer / Anti-microbial

Trimethoprim has the HIGHER affinity for

microbial enzyme vs the human enzyme (DHFR)

so it is used for ANTIBACTERIA

A

Trimethoprim

Methotrexate

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10
Q

Selenite

Se

A

Ultratrace Elements, <1mg/day

Thyroid Hormone Formation

antioxidant

protein forming

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11
Q

Green Vegetables

Legumes & Peanuts

Meats / Liver

A

Folic Acid (B9) Sources

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12
Q

Trace Element, 1-100mg/day

not essential!

Dental Fluorosis

A

Fluoride

F

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13
Q

Cobalamin

A

B12, Cobalt -> CoEnzyme B12

Isomerization of mm-CoA -> succinyl CoA

conversion o_f homocysteine to Methionine_

Pernicious/Megaloblastic Anemia

Homocysteinuria

CNS Degradation

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14
Q

Macroelement, >100mg/day

Bone + Teeth

Signal transduction/conduction

Blood coagulation

A

Calcium

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15
Q

Vitamin C

Hydroxylation Rxns

Biosynthesis of Collagen

Anti-oxidant + aids with IRON UPTAKE in gut

SCURVY

A

Ascorbic Acid

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16
Q

Vitamin E

Use / Deficiency

A

Lipid Antioxidant

Lipid Peroxidation

  • still mysterious*
  • thought to involve trapping of lipopohilic free radicals*
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17
Q

Trace Elements

minerals

A

“Miss Cuff”

MnZn - CuFFe

1mg-100mg / day

5

Mn / Zn

Cu / F / Fe

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18
Q

Macronutrients

A

Required nutrients for the body

need much more compared to micronutrients

Carbs / Fats / Proteins

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19
Q

Beri-Beri

A

from thiamine (B1) deficiency in diet

TPP = prosthetic group key in carb/AA metabolism

Cross-Over Theorem shows accumalation of:

PDH / transketolase / a-ketoglutarate-DH

often shown in Alcoholics

Neurologic & CV Symptoms

EDEMA & Heart ENLARGEMENT

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20
Q

Required by Enzymes to assist in Catalysis

*Small* Organic / *Inorganic* Molecules

IONS

(metal ions = Zn2+)

2 types:

Co-Enzymes + Prosthetic groups

A

Cofactor

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21
Q

Folate will only mask the symptoms of

Cbl (cobalamin b12) deficiency

only relieve the ANEMIA (Cbl is needed to recycle folate)

But it does NOT resolve the NEUROPATHY

A

Folate for Pernicious Anemia?

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22
Q

General Water-Soluble Vitamin Diet

Meat / Fish / Liver

A

Thiamine (B1) Soucres

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23
Q

Blood Coagulation Enzymes

Inability to clot blood

formation of gamma-carboxyglutamate residues

later for glycosylation in proteins for blood clotting

A

Vitamin K

Use / Deficiency

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24
Q

Pyridoxine B6 Sources

A

Cereals

Meat

Non-Citrus Fruit

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25
Q

Macroelement, >100mg/day

Proteins

Bile acid Conjugation

Met/Cys

connective tussue biopolymers

A

Sulfur

as AA’s Met / Cys

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26
Q

B6

Transaminations

PLP

ANEMIA

A

Pyridoxine

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27
Q

Niacin

Use / Deficiency

A

B3 ->Nicotinamides

Redox Reactions

NADPH Biosynthetic Rxns

NADH Oxidative Phosphorylation

PELLAGRA

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28
Q

Dihydrofolate Reductase

DHFR

A

Converts Folate (B9) –> THF

Major target for Antibacterial Drug Therapy** & **Cancer

Folate Antagonist blocks the regeneration, which in turn blocks the biosynthesis of nucleotides.

Antagonists of DHFR

Trimethoprim & Methothrexate

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29
Q

lack of _Ascorbic Acid (vit C)_ in diet

lack of enzyme activity to hydroxylate Pro/Lys in collagen;

loss of crosslinking collagen -> loss of mechstrength in connective tissue / fragile blood vessels

S/S:

bleeding gums / bruising / HEMORRHAGES

swelling / loosened teeth / opening of wounds/scars

depression / fatigue

A

Scurvy

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30
Q

Green Vegetables

Dairy

Meats / Liver

A

Riboflavin B2 Sources

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31
Q

Sulfur

as AA’s Met / Cys

A

Macroelement, >100mg/day

Proteins

Bile acid Conjugation

Met/Cys

connective tussue biopolymers

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32
Q

Trimethoprim

Methotrexate

A

Folate Antagonist

block regeneration of THF (from B9)

Anti-Cancer / Anti-microbial

Trimethoprim has the HIGHER affinity for

microbial enzyme vs the human enzyme (DHFR)

so it is used for ANTIBACTERIA

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33
Q

Vitamins** & **Minerals

excreted daily, need to be REPLACED

Necessary Dietary nutrients

allow for the lost/degraded/excreted co-factors

A

MicroNutrients

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34
Q

Pyridoxine

A

B6

Transaminations

PLP

ANEMIA

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35
Q

Seafood

Mollusks + Crustaceans

Meats / Fish / Liver

A

Cobalamin B12 Sources

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36
Q

Fluoride

F

A

Trace Element, 1-100mg/day

not essential!

Dental Fluorosis

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37
Q

Carboxylic Reactions

deficiency rarely occurs

  • Thinning of Hair / Skin Rash*
  • Lethargy / Depression / Hallucinations*
A

Biotin

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38
Q

Fatty Fish

Yolks

Liver

A

Vitamin D Sources

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39
Q

Scurvy

A

lack of _Ascorbic Acid (vit C)_ in diet

lack of enzyme activity to hydroxylate Pro/Lys in collagen;

loss of crosslinking collagen -> loss of mechstrength in connective tissue / fragile blood vessels

S/S:

bleeding gums / bruising / HEMORRHAGES

swelling / loosened teeth / opening of wounds/scars

depression / fatigue

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40
Q

Ultratrace ​Elements, <1mg/day

Thyroid Hormones

A

Iodide

I

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41
Q

Borate

B

A

Ultratrace ​Elements, <1mg/day

Bone

Brain Health

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42
Q

Vitamin A

Use / Deficiency

A

Vision / Cellular Differentiation

Night Blindness

due to lack of retinal pigment

retinoids also cofactors for GENE expression

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43
Q

Folic Acid (B9) Sources

A

Green Vegetables

Legumes & Peanuts

Meats / Liver

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44
Q

Macroelement, >100mg/day

Bone

Phosphate esters

A

Phosphate

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45
Q

Macroelement, >100mg/day

Main ANION- in body fluids

A

Chlorine

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46
Q

can be made from precursor AA = tryptophan, but not in adequate amounts

Meats / Liver

Legumes & Peanuts

Dairy

  • veggies / grain / cereal are low*
  • CORN dependent –> pellagra*
A

Niacin (B3) Sources

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47
Q

Vitamin

A

Source of Coenzymes** & **Prosthetic Groups

Organic molecules that body cannot make itself

generally processed by the body into active form

1 vitamin can provide 1+ cofactor

(riboflavin -> FAD +FMN)

can also act more like substitute hormones (Vit D)

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48
Q

Thiamine PyroPhosphate, Converted from Thiamin = B1

is bound Tightly as a Prosthetic Group in several enzymes such as: PDH, a-ketoglutarate DH, Transketolase

2 major roles:

Degradation of a-ketoacids via non-/+oxidative carboxylation

Transfer of 2-carbon fragments from ketose->aldose in transketolization

A

TPP

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49
Q

Macroelement, >100mg/day

Main INTRAcellular Cation+

____ IN

A

Potassium

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50
Q

due to IMPAIRMENT OF UPTAKE*** of ***CBL = Cobalamin (B12) from the GUT

production of RBC impaired, esp immature megaloblasts –> Megaloblastic ANEMIA

affects myelin membrane of nerve cells –> NEUROPATHY

affects all rapidly dividing tissues, because DNA synthesis is impaired (CBL needed for recycling Folate, cofactor needed for Thymidine & Purine for DNA)

A

Pernicious Anemia

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51
Q

Thiamine (B1) Soucres

A

General Water-Soluble Vitamin Diet

Meat / Fish / Liver

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52
Q

Trace Element, 1-100mg/day

Immune Function

Metabolism of alcohol

DNA & proteins

ROS protection

A

Zinc

Zn

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53
Q

Vitamin A Sources

A

Colored Veggies

Squash / Pumpkin / Carrots

54
Q

Ultratrace Elements, <1mg/day

Thyroid Hormone Formation

antioxidant

protein forming

A

Selenite

Se

55
Q

Macroelement, >100mg/day

Main EXTRAcellular CATION+

out

56
Q

Iron

Fe

A

Trace Element, 1-100mg/day

Heme

Fe-S Centers

REDOX

O2 transport / storage

57
Q

Trace Element, 1-100mg/day

Collagen Formation

NT synthesis

Immune function

58
Q

Ultratrace ​Elements, <1mg/day

Prosthetic group in Met Synthase

methylmalonyl CoA mutase

A

Cobalt

(as B12)

Co

59
Q

B2

Redox Rxns

FAD + FMN

deficiency rarely occurs

stunted growth / anemia / skin lesions

A

Riboflavin

60
Q

Citrus

Tomatoes

A

Ascorbic Acid Sources

61
Q

Phosphate

A

Macroelement, >100mg/day

Bone

Phosphate esters

62
Q

TetraHydroFolate, from Folate (B9) reduction

Used for bionsytnehsis of purines , thymidylate, methionine

Catabolism of His and purines

Folate –> THF by:

DHFR = Dihydrofolate Reductase

2 steps, DHFR is used twice.

63
Q

Cobalamin B12 Sources

A

Seafood

Mollusks + Crustaceans

Meats / Fish / Liver

64
Q

Vitamin K Sources

A

Green Leafy Veggies

Kale / Spinach

65
Q

B9 -> reduction into THF + FH4

Wide variety of Rxs

involving H- & C- Transfers

Megaloblastic Anemia

Neural Tube Defects

A

Folic Acid

66
Q

Oil Seeds

OilE SEEds

A

Vitamin E Sources

67
Q

Prosthetic Groups

A

Tightly-Bound cofactor

attachment is often Covalent

Recycled, just like co-enzymes

Ex. Biotin

Flavins

Hemes

derived from Vitamins / Minerals

68
Q

Vitamin K

Use / Deficiency

A

Blood Coagulation Enzymes

Inability to clot blood

formation of gamma-carboxyglutamate residues

later for glycosylation in proteins for blood clotting

69
Q

Magnesium

Mn

A

Trace Element, 1-100mg/day

Urea Formation

Cartilage formation

70
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins

A

Biotin

Vitamin C

Panthothenic Acid

  • Vitamin B’s 1-2-3-6-9-12
    • ​B1 = Thiamine
    • B2 = Riboflavin
    • B3 = Niacin
    • B6 = PyridoXine
    • B9 = Folic Acid
    • B12 = Cobalamin
71
Q

Cobalt

(as B12)

Co

A

Ultratrace ​Elements, <1mg/day

Prosthetic group in Met Synthase

methylmalonyl CoA mutase

72
Q

Pantothenic Acid

A

Meats / Liver

Milk / Dairy

Legumes / Yeast

general

73
Q

Vassinity

V-As-Si-Nity

~~~~

V / As / Si / Ni

A

Some evidence for the benifit of these

Dietary Minerals

74
Q

“Miss Cuff”

MnZn - CuFFe

1mg-100mg / day

5

Mn / Zn

Cu / F / Fe

A

Trace Elements

minerals

75
Q

Copper

Cu

A

Trace Element, 1-100mg/day

Collagen Formation

NT synthesis

Immune function

76
Q

THF

A

TetraHydroFolate, from Folate (B9) reduction

Used for bionsytnehsis of purines , thymidylate, methionine

Catabolism of His and purines

Folate –> THF by:

DHFR = Dihydrofolate Reductase

2 steps, DHFR is used twice.

77
Q

Biotin Sources

A

YOLK

(avidin from egg white can decrease this vitamin)

Nuts + Legumes

Meats / Liver

78
Q

Ascorbic Acid

A

Vitamin C

Hydroxylation Rxns

Biosynthesis of Collagen

Anti-oxidant + aids with IRON UPTAKE in gut

SCURVY

79
Q

Folic Acid

A

B9 -> reduction into THF + FH4

Wide variety of Rxs

involving H- & C- Transfers

Megaloblastic Anemia

Neural Tube Defects

80
Q

Chromium

Cr3+

A

Ultratrace ​Elements, <1mg/day

Improves Insulin Action in DM

81
Q

Magnesium

A

Macroelement, >100mg/day

Cofactor for Enzymes

82
Q

From Niacin (B3) or Tryptophan (not enough from diet)

Part of these coenzymes:

NADH - oxidation of fuel

NADPH - biosynthesis reductions

Undergo Redox Cycling:

2 electron carriers & at same time (hydride anion)

concerted mechanism, not 1 at a time

A

Nicotinamides

83
Q

Ultratrace ​Elements, <1mg/day

Improves Insulin Action in DM

A

Chromium

Cr3+

84
Q

Vitamin D Sources

A

Fatty Fish

Yolks

Liver

85
Q

-> CoA + ACP

Acyl carrier in FA metabolism - CoA

Acetyl carrier (ACP) in many rxns

deficiency rarely occurs

neurological

A

Pantothenic Acid

86
Q

B3 ->Nicotinamides

Redox Reactions

NADPH Biosynthetic Rxns

NADH Oxidative Phosphorylation

PELLAGRA

A

Niacin

Use / Deficiency

87
Q

Comb Cribs-ey

CoMb CrIBSe

<1mg/day

6

Co / Mb

Cr / I / B / Se

A

UltraTrace Elements

minerals

88
Q

Potassium

A

Macroelement, >100mg/day

Main INTRAcellular Cation+

____ IN

89
Q

Converts Folate (B9) –> THF

Major target for Antibacterial Drug Therapy** & **Cancer

Folate Antagonist blocks the regeneration, which in turn blocks the biosynthesis of nucleotides.

Antagonists of DHFR

Trimethoprim & Methothrexate

A

Dihydrofolate Reductase

DHFR

90
Q

Vision / Cellular Differentiation

Night Blindness

due to lack of retinal pigment

retinoids also cofactors for GENE expression

A

Vitamin A

Use / Deficiency

91
Q

YOLK

(avidin from egg white can decrease this vitamin)

Nuts + Legumes

Meats / Liver

A

Biotin Sources

92
Q

Pantothenic Acid

A

-> CoA + ACP

Acyl carrier in FA metabolism - CoA

Acetyl carrier (ACP) in many rxns

deficiency rarely occurs

neurological

93
Q

Ultratrace ​Elements, <1mg/day

Bone

Brain Health

94
Q

UltraTrace Elements

minerals

A

Comb Cribs-ey

CoMb CrIBSe

<1mg/day

6

Co / Mb

Cr / I / B / Se

95
Q

Iodide

I

A

Ultratrace ​Elements, <1mg/day

Thyroid Hormones

96
Q

Riboflavin B2 Sources

A

Green Vegetables

Dairy

Meats / Liver

97
Q

Pellagra

A

from Niacin (B3) / Tryptophan Deficiency

Mainly corn diet

Tryptophan widely used in redox rxns = NAD(P)H

Initial S/S:

roughness of skin + Diarrhea

Extreme:

dementia / Death

98
Q

Trace Element, 1-100mg/day

Heme

Fe-S Centers

REDOX

O2 transport / storage

99
Q

Folate for Pernicious Anemia?

A

Folate will only mask the symptoms of

Cbl (cobalamin b12) deficiency

only relieve the ANEMIA (Cbl is needed to recycle folate)

But it does NOT resolve the NEUROPATHY

100
Q

Colored Veggies

Squash / Pumpkin / Carrots

A

Vitamin A Sources

101
Q

Required nutrients for the body

need much more compared to micronutrients

Carbs / Fats / Proteins

A

Macronutrients

102
Q

from Niacin (B3) / Tryptophan Deficiency

Mainly corn diet

Tryptophan widely used in redox rxns = NAD(P)H

Initial S/S:

roughness of skin + Diarrhea

Extreme:

dementia / Death

103
Q

Sodium

A

Macroelement, >100mg/day

Main EXTRAcellular CATION+

out

104
Q

Chlorine

A

Macroelement, >100mg/day

Main ANION- in body fluids

105
Q

Trace Element, 1-100mg/day

Urea Formation

Cartilage formation

A

Magnesium

Mn

106
Q

MicroNutrients

A

Vitamins** & **Minerals

excreted daily, need to be REPLACED

Necessary Dietary nutrients

allow for the lost/degraded/excreted co-factors

107
Q

Molybdate

Mb

A

Ultratrace ​Elements, <1mg/day

oxidation of Aldehydes / sulfates

production of urate

108
Q

Lipid Antioxidant

Lipid Peroxidation

  • still mysterious*
  • thought to involve trapping of lipopohilic free radicals*
A

Vitamin E

Use / Deficiency

109
Q

Type of Cofactor that is held LOOSELY (not w/ covalent bonds) by the enzyme, and can be released easily

Resemble Substrates**, undergo rxn, but is **Recycled to go back to OG state > re-used

Usually are Small Organic molecules

NAD** / **CoA** / **B12

derived from Vitamins / Minerals

NOT metal ions or inorganic groups like phosphate

110
Q

Nicotinamides

A

From Niacin (B3) or Tryptophan (not enough from diet)

Part of these coenzymes:

NADH - oxidation of fuel

NADPH - biosynthesis reductions

Undergo Redox Cycling:

2 electron carriers & at same time (hydride anion)

concerted mechanism, not 1 at a time

111
Q

Ultratrace ​Elements, <1mg/day

oxidation of Aldehydes / sulfates

production of urate

A

Molybdate

Mb

112
Q

Cofactor

A

Required by Enzymes to assist in Catalysis

*Small* Organic / *Inorganic* Molecules

IONS

(metal ions = Zn2+)

2 types:

Co-Enzymes + Prosthetic groups

113
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

due to IMPAIRMENT OF UPTAKE*** of ***CBL = Cobalamin (B12) from the GUT

production of RBC impaired, esp immature megaloblasts –> Megaloblastic ANEMIA

affects myelin membrane of nerve cells –> NEUROPATHY

affects all rapidly dividing tissues, because DNA synthesis is impaired (CBL needed for recycling Folate, cofactor needed for Thymidine & Purine for DNA)

114
Q

Essential MACRO elements

minerals

A

Cl/aP - KisS MyNutz

>100mg/day by adults

7

Cl / Ca / P

K / S / Mg / Na

115
Q

Biotin

Vitamin C

Panthothenic Acid

  • Vitamin B’s 1-2-3-6-9-12
    • ​B1 = Thiamine
    • B2 = Riboflavin
    • B3 = Niacin
    • B6 = PyridoXine
    • B9 = Folic Acid
    • B12 = Cobalamin
A

Water-Soluble Vitamins

116
Q

Some evidence for the benifit of these

Dietary Minerals

A

Vassinity

V-As-Si-Nity

~~~~

V / As / Si / Ni

117
Q

Biotin

A

Carboxylic Reactions

deficiency rarely occurs

  • Thinning of Hair / Skin Rash*
  • Lethargy / Depression / Hallucinations*
118
Q

Thiamine

A

B1 -> TPP

Oxidative DEcarboxylation Rxns

Transketolization

Synthesis of ALL Nucleotides + NAD/CoA

Beri-Beri

119
Q

Vitamin E Sources

A

Oil Seeds

OilE SEEds

120
Q

Green Leafy Veggies

Kale / Spinach

A

Vitamin K Sources

121
Q

B1 -> TPP

Oxidative DEcarboxylation Rxns

Transketolization

Synthesis of ALL Nucleotides + NAD/CoA

Beri-Beri

122
Q

Niacin (B3) Sources

A

can be made from precursor AA = tryptophan, but not in adequate amounts

Meats / Liver

Legumes & Peanuts

Dairy

  • veggies / grain / cereal are low*
  • CORN dependent –> pellagra*
123
Q

Tightly-Bound cofactor

attachment is often Covalent

Recycled, just like co-enzymes

Ex. Biotin

Flavins

Hemes

derived from Vitamins / Minerals

A

Prosthetic Groups

124
Q

Coenzymes

A

Type of Cofactor that is held LOOSELY (not w/ covalent bonds) by the enzyme, and can be released easily

Resemble Substrates**, undergo rxn, but is **Recycled to go back to OG state > re-used

Usually are Small Organic molecules

NAD** / **CoA** / **B12

derived from Vitamins / Minerals

NOT metal ions or inorganic groups like phosphate

125
Q

B12, Cobalt -> CoEnzyme B12

Isomerization of mm-CoA -> succinyl CoA

conversion o_f homocysteine to Methionine_

Pernicious/Megaloblastic Anemia

Homocysteinuria

CNS Degradation

126
Q

Meats / Liver

Milk / Dairy

Legumes / Yeast

general

A

Pantothenic Acid

127
Q

Riboflavin

A

B2

Redox Rxns

FAD + FMN

deficiency rarely occurs

stunted growth / anemia / skin lesions

128
Q

Cereals

Meat

Non-Citrus Fruit

A

Pyridoxine B6 Sources

129
Q

Ascorbic Acid Sources

A

Citrus

Tomatoes

130
Q

Calcium

A

Macroelement, >100mg/day

Bone + Teeth

Signal transduction/conduction

Blood coagulation

BioMedChem M2 (8 decks)

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