10 - Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards
1
Q
TPP
A
Thiamine PyroPhosphate, Converted from Thiamin = B1
is bound Tightly as a Prosthetic Group in several enzymes such as: PDH, a-ketoglutarate DH, Transketolase
2 major roles:
Degradation of a-ketoacids via non-/+oxidative carboxylation
Transfer of 2-carbon fragments from ketose->aldose in transketolization
2
Q
Macroelement, >100mg/day
Cofactor for Enzymes
A
Magnesium
3
Q
Calcium Metabolism
Rickets / Osteomalacia
nuclear hormone for genes involved in
calcium & bone metabolism
A
Vitamin D
Use / Deficiency
4
Q
Source of Coenzymes** & **Prosthetic Groups
Organic molecules that body cannot make itself
generally processed by the body into active form
1 vitamin can provide 1+ cofactor
(riboflavin -> FAD +FMN)
can also act more like substitute hormones (Vit D)
A
Vitamin
5
Q
Zinc
Zn
A
Trace Element, 1-100mg/day
Immune Function
Metabolism of alcohol
DNA & proteins
ROS protection
6
Q
Cl/aP - KisS MyNutz
>100mg/day by adults
7
Cl / Ca / P
K / S / Mg / Na
A
Essential MACRO elements
minerals
7
Q
from thiamine (B1) deficiency in diet
TPP = prosthetic group key in carb/AA metabolism
Cross-Over Theorem shows accumalation of:
PDH / transketolase / a-ketoglutarate-DH
often shown in Alcoholics
Neurologic & CV Symptoms
EDEMA & Heart ENLARGEMENT
A
Beri-Beri
8
Q
Vitamin D
Use / Deficiency
A
Calcium Metabolism
Rickets / Osteomalacia
nuclear hormone for genes involved in
calcium & bone metabolism
9
Q
Folate Antagonist
block regeneration of THF (from B9)
Anti-Cancer / Anti-microbial
Trimethoprim has the HIGHER affinity for
microbial enzyme vs the human enzyme (DHFR)
so it is used for ANTIBACTERIA
A
Trimethoprim
Methotrexate
10
Q
Selenite
Se
A
Ultratrace Elements, <1mg/day
Thyroid Hormone Formation
antioxidant
protein forming
11
Q
Green Vegetables
Legumes & Peanuts
Meats / Liver
A
Folic Acid (B9) Sources
12
Q
Trace Element, 1-100mg/day
not essential!
Dental Fluorosis
A
Fluoride
F
13
Q
Cobalamin
A
B12, Cobalt -> CoEnzyme B12
Isomerization of mm-CoA -> succinyl CoA
conversion o_f homocysteine to Methionine_
Pernicious/Megaloblastic Anemia
Homocysteinuria
CNS Degradation
14
Q
Macroelement, >100mg/day
Bone + Teeth
Signal transduction/conduction
Blood coagulation
A
Calcium
15
Q
Vitamin C
Hydroxylation Rxns
Biosynthesis of Collagen
Anti-oxidant + aids with IRON UPTAKE in gut
SCURVY
A
Ascorbic Acid
16
Q
Vitamin E
Use / Deficiency
A
Lipid Antioxidant
Lipid Peroxidation
- still mysterious*
- thought to involve trapping of lipopohilic free radicals*
17
Q
Trace Elements
minerals
A
“Miss Cuff”
MnZn - CuFFe
1mg-100mg / day
5
Mn / Zn
Cu / F / Fe
18
Q
Macronutrients
A
Required nutrients for the body
need much more compared to micronutrients
Carbs / Fats / Proteins
19
Q
Beri-Beri
A
from thiamine (B1) deficiency in diet
TPP = prosthetic group key in carb/AA metabolism
Cross-Over Theorem shows accumalation of:
PDH / transketolase / a-ketoglutarate-DH
often shown in Alcoholics
Neurologic & CV Symptoms
EDEMA & Heart ENLARGEMENT
20
Q
Required by Enzymes to assist in Catalysis
*Small* Organic / *Inorganic* Molecules
IONS
(metal ions = Zn2+)
2 types:
Co-Enzymes + Prosthetic groups
A
Cofactor
21
Q
Folate will only mask the symptoms of
Cbl (cobalamin b12) deficiency
only relieve the ANEMIA (Cbl is needed to recycle folate)
But it does NOT resolve the NEUROPATHY
A
Folate for Pernicious Anemia?
22
Q
General Water-Soluble Vitamin Diet
Meat / Fish / Liver
A
Thiamine (B1) Soucres
23
Q
Blood Coagulation Enzymes
Inability to clot blood
formation of gamma-carboxyglutamate residues
later for glycosylation in proteins for blood clotting
A
Vitamin K
Use / Deficiency
24
Q
Pyridoxine B6 Sources
A
Cereals
Meat
Non-Citrus Fruit
25
Macroelement, \>100mg/day
**Proteins**
**Bile acid Conjugation**
**Met/Cys**
connective tussue biopolymers
**Sulfur**
as AA's **Met / Cys**
26
**B6**
**Transaminations**
**PLP**
***ANEMIA***
**Pyridoxine**
27
**Niacin**
Use / Deficiency
**B3** -\>**_Nicotinamides_**
**Redox Reactions**
NADPH** **Biosynthetic Rxns
NADH Oxidative Phosphorylation
***PELLAGRA***
28
**Dihydrofolate Reductase**
**DHFR**
Converts **Folate (B9) --\> THF**
Major target for **_Antibacterial Drug Therapy**_ & _**Cancer_**
**_Folate Antagonist_** blocks the regeneration, which in turn blocks the ***biosynthesis of nucleotides.***
Antagonists of DHFR
**_Trimethoprim & Methothrexate_**
29
*lack of **_Ascorbic Acid (vit C)_** in diet*
lack of enzyme activity to **hydroxylate Pro/Lys** in **collagen**;
loss of crosslinking collagen -\> loss of mechstrength in ***connective tissue / fragile blood vessels***
S/S:
**bleeding gums / bruising / HEMORRHAGES**
swelling / **loosened teeth** / opening of **wounds/scars**
depression / fatigue
**Scurvy**
30
**Green Vegetables**
**Dairy**
Meats / Liver
**Riboflavin B2 Sources**
31
**Sulfur**
as AA's **Met / Cys**
Macroelement, \>100mg/day
**Proteins**
**Bile acid Conjugation**
**Met/Cys**
connective tussue biopolymers
32
**Trimethoprim**
**Methotrexate**
***_Folate Antagonist_***
block regeneration of THF (from B9)
**Anti-Cancer / Anti-microbial**
Trimethoprim has the HIGHER affinity for
microbial enzyme vs the human enzyme (DHFR)
so it is used for ANTIBACTERIA
33
**_Vitamins**_ & _**Minerals_**
*excreted daily, need to be REPLACED*
**Necessary Dietary nutrients**
allow for the lost/degraded/excreted **co-factors**
***MicroNutrients***
34
**Pyridoxine**
**B6**
**Transaminations**
**PLP**
***ANEMIA***
35
**Seafood**
**Mollusks + Crustaceans**
Meats / Fish / Liver
**Cobalamin** B12 **Sources**
36
**Fluoride**
**F**
Trace Element, 1-100mg/day
## Footnote
***not essential!***
**Dental Fluorosis**
37
**_Carboxylic Reactions_**
***deficiency rarely occurs***
* Thinning of Hair / Skin Rash*
* Lethargy / Depression / Hallucinations*
**Biotin**
38
**Fatty Fish**
**Yolks**
**Liver**
**Vitamin D Sources**
39
**Scurvy**
*lack of **_Ascorbic Acid (vit C)_** in diet*
lack of enzyme activity to **hydroxylate Pro/Lys** in **collagen**;
loss of crosslinking collagen -\> loss of mechstrength in ***connective tissue / fragile blood vessels***
S/S:
**bleeding gums / bruising / HEMORRHAGES**
swelling / **loosened teeth** / opening of **wounds/scars**
depression / fatigue
40
Ultratrace Elements, \<1mg/day
## Footnote
**Thyroid Hormones**
**Iodide**
**I**
41
**Borate**
**B**
Ultratrace Elements, \<1mg/day
**Bone**
**Brain Health**
42
Vitamin A
Use / Deficiency
**_Vision / Cellular Differentiation_**
***Night Blindness***
due to lack of retinal pigment
**retinoids** also cofactors for GENE expression
43
**Folic Acid (B9) Sources**
**Green Vegetables**
**Legumes & Peanuts**
Meats / Liver
44
Macroelement, \>100mg/day
**Bone**
Phosphate esters
**Phosphate**
45
Macroelement, \>100mg/day
## Footnote
**Main ANION- in body fluids**
**Chlorine**
46
can be made from precursor AA = **tryptophan**, *but not in adequate amounts*
**Meats** / **Liver**
**Legumes & Peanuts**
**Dairy**
* veggies / grain / cereal are low*
* CORN dependent --\> pellagra*
**Niacin (B3) Sources**
47
**Vitamin**
Source of **_Coenzymes**_ & _**Prosthetic Groups_**
_Organic molecules_ that body ***cannot make itself***
generally **processed by the body into active form**
1 vitamin can provide 1+ cofactor
(riboflavin -\> FAD +FMN)
can also act more like **substitute hormones** (Vit D)
48
**_Thiamine PyroPhosphate_**, Converted from Thiamin = B1
is bound **Tightly** as a **_Prosthetic Group_** in several enzymes such as: **PDH, a-ketoglutarate DH, Transketolase**
2 major roles:
*Degradation of a-ketoacids* via **non-/+oxidative carboxylation**
Transfer of 2-carbon fragments from ketose-\>aldose in **transketolization**
**TPP**
49
Macroelement, \>100mg/day
## Footnote
**Main INTRAcellular Cation+**
**\_\_\_\_ IN**
**Potassium**
50
due to ***_IMPAIRMENT OF UPTAKE***_ of _***CBL = Cobalamin (B12)_*** from the **_GUT_**
production of _*RBC impaired,* esp immature megaloblasts_ --\> **_Megaloblastic ANEMIA_**
affects _myelin membrane_ of nerve cells --\> **_NEUROPATHY_**
affects all rapidly dividing tissues, because ***DNA synthesis*** *is impaired* *(*CBL needed for recycling Folate, cofactor needed for _Thymidine & Purine_ for DNA)
**Pernicious Anemia**
51
**Thiamine (B1) Soucres**
General Water-Soluble Vitamin Diet
**Meat / Fish / Liver**
52
Trace Element, 1-100mg/day
**Immune Function**
Metabolism of **alcohol**
DNA & proteins
ROS protection
**Zinc**
**Zn**
53
**Vitamin A Sources**
**Colored Veggies**
Squash / Pumpkin / Carrots
54
*Ultratrace* Elements, \<1mg/day
**Thyroid Hormone Formation**
antioxidant
protein forming
**Selenite**
**Se**
55
Macroelement, \>100mg/day
**Main EXTRAcellular CATION+**
out
**Sodium**
56
**Iron**
**Fe**
Trace Element, 1-100mg/day
**Heme**
**Fe-S Centers**
REDOX
O2 transport / storage
57
Trace Element, 1-100mg/day
**Collagen Formation**
NT synthesis
Immune function
**Copper**
**Cu**
58
Ultratrace Elements, \<1mg/day
**Prosthetic group** in **Met Synthase**
methylmalonyl CoA mutase
**Cobalt**
**(as B12)**
**Co**
59
**B2**
**Redox Rxns**
**FAD + FMN**
***deficiency rarely occurs***
*stunted growth / anemia / skin lesions*
**Riboflavin**
60
**Citrus**
**Tomatoes**
**Ascorbic Acid Sources**
61
**Phosphate**
Macroelement, \>100mg/day
**Bone**
Phosphate esters
62
**TetraHydroFolate**, from **Folate (B9**) reduction
Used for bionsytnehsis of **purines** , thymidylate, **methionine**
Catabolism of **His** and **purines**
Folate --\> THF by:
_**DHFR** = Dihydrofolate Reductase_
2 steps, DHFR is used twice.
**THF**
63
**Cobalamin** B12 **Sources**
**Seafood**
**Mollusks + Crustaceans**
Meats / Fish / Liver
64
**Vitamin K Sources**
**Green Leafy Veggies**
**K**ale / Spinach
65
**B9 -\>** *reduction into* **THF** + FH4
**Wide variety of Rxs**
**involving H- & C- Transfers**
***Megaloblastic Anemia***
***Neural Tube Defects***
**Folic Acid**
66
**Oil Seeds**
Oil**E** S**EE**ds
**Vitamin E Sources**
67
**Prosthetic Groups**
**_Tightly-Bound_** cofactor
## Footnote
attachment is often **_Covalent_**
**_Recycled_**, just like _co-enzymes_
Ex. **_Biotin_**
**_Flavins_**
**_Hemes_**
derived from Vitamins / Minerals
68
**Vitamin K**
Use / Deficiency
**_Blood Coagulation Enzymes_**
***Inability to clot blood***
formation of gamma-carboxyglutamate residues
later for glycosylation in proteins for blood clotting
69
**Magnesium**
**Mn**
Trace Element, 1-100mg/day
**Urea Formation**
**Cartilage formation**
70
**Water-Soluble Vitamins**
**Biotin**
**Vitamin C**
**Panthothenic Acid**
* Vitamin B's **_1-2-3-6-9-12_**
* B1 = **Thiamine**
* B2 = **Riboflavin**
* B3 = **Niacin**
* B6 = **PyridoXine**
* B9 = **Folic Acid**
* B12 = **Cobalamin**
71
**Cobalt**
**(as B12)**
**Co**
Ultratrace Elements, \<1mg/day
**Prosthetic group** in **Met Synthase**
methylmalonyl CoA mutase
72
**Pantothenic Acid**
**Meats / Liver**
**Milk / Dairy**
**Legumes / Yeast**
general
73
**Vassinity**
**V-As-Si-Ni**ty
~~~~
**V / As / Si / Ni**
**Some evidence for the benifit of these**
**Dietary Minerals**
74
**"Miss Cuff"**
**M**n**Z**n **- CuFF**e
**_1mg-100mg / day_**
5
**Mn / Zn**
**Cu / F / Fe**
**Trace Elements**
**minerals**
75
**Copper**
**Cu**
Trace Element, 1-100mg/day
**Collagen Formation**
NT synthesis
Immune function
76
**THF**
**TetraHydroFolate**, from **Folate (B9**) reduction
Used for bionsytnehsis of **purines** , thymidylate, **methionine**
Catabolism of **His** and **purines**
Folate --\> THF by:
_**DHFR** = Dihydrofolate Reductase_
2 steps, DHFR is used twice.
77
**Biotin Sources**
**YOLK**
(*avidin from egg white can decrease this vitamin)*
**Nuts + Legumes**
Meats / Liver
78
**Ascorbic Acid**
**Vitamin C**
**_Hydroxylation Rxns_**
**_Biosynthesis of Collagen_**
Anti-oxidant + aids with IRON UPTAKE in gut
***SCURVY***
79
**Folic Acid**
**B9 -\>** *reduction into* **THF** + FH4
**Wide variety of Rxs**
**involving H- & C- Transfers**
***Megaloblastic Anemia***
***Neural Tube Defects***
80
**Chromium**
**Cr3+**
Ultratrace Elements, \<1mg/day
Improves **Insulin Action in DM**
81
**Magnesium**
Macroelement, \>100mg/day
## Footnote
**Cofactor for Enzymes**
82
From **_Niacin (B3)_** or **_Tryptophan_** (*not enough from diet)*
Part of these **coenzymes:**
**NADH** - oxidation of fuel
**NADPH** - biosynthesis reductions
Undergo **_Redox Cycling:_**
**_2 electron carriers & at same time_** (hydride anion)
concerted mechanism, *not 1 at a time*
**Nicotinamides**
83
Ultratrace Elements, \<1mg/day
Improves **Insulin Action in DM**
**Chromium**
**Cr3+**
84
**Vitamin D Sources**
**Fatty Fish**
**Yolks**
**Liver**
85
**-\> CoA + ACP**
**Acyl carrier** in **FA metabolism - CoA**
**Acetyl carrier (ACP)** in many rxns
***deficiency rarely occurs***
*neurological*
**Pantothenic Acid**
86
**B3** -\>**_Nicotinamides_**
**Redox Reactions**
NADPH** **Biosynthetic Rxns
NADH Oxidative Phosphorylation
***PELLAGRA***
**Niacin**
Use / Deficiency
87
**Comb Cribs-ey**
**CoMb CrIBSe**
**_\<1mg/day_**
6
**Co / Mb**
**Cr / I / B / Se**
**UltraTrace Elements**
**minerals**
88
**Potassium**
Macroelement, \>100mg/day
## Footnote
**Main INTRAcellular Cation+**
**\_\_\_\_ IN**
89
Converts **Folate (B9) --\> THF**
Major target for **_Antibacterial Drug Therapy**_ & _**Cancer_**
**_Folate Antagonist_** blocks the regeneration, which in turn blocks the ***biosynthesis of nucleotides.***
Antagonists of DHFR
**_Trimethoprim & Methothrexate_**
**Dihydrofolate Reductase**
**DHFR**
90
**_Vision / Cellular Differentiation_**
***Night Blindness***
due to lack of retinal pigment
**retinoids** also cofactors for GENE expression
Vitamin A
Use / Deficiency
91
**YOLK**
(*avidin from egg white can decrease this vitamin)*
**Nuts + Legumes**
Meats / Liver
**Biotin Sources**
92
**Pantothenic Acid**
**-\> CoA + ACP**
**Acyl carrier** in **FA metabolism - CoA**
**Acetyl carrier (ACP)** in many rxns
***deficiency rarely occurs***
*neurological*
93
Ultratrace Elements, \<1mg/day
**Bone**
**Brain Health**
**Borate**
**B**
94
**UltraTrace Elements**
**minerals**
**Comb Cribs-ey**
**CoMb CrIBSe**
**_\<1mg/day_**
6
**Co / Mb**
**Cr / I / B / Se**
95
**Iodide**
**I**
Ultratrace Elements, \<1mg/day
## Footnote
**Thyroid Hormones**
96
**Riboflavin B2 Sources**
**Green Vegetables**
**Dairy**
Meats / Liver
97
**Pellagra**
from ***_Niacin (B3) / Tryptophan_*** *Deficiency*
Mainly ***corn diet***
Tryptophan widely used in redox rxns = **NAD(P)H**
Initial S/S:
**roughness of skin + Diarrhea**
Extreme:
**dementia / Death**
98
Trace Element, 1-100mg/day
**Heme**
**Fe-S Centers**
REDOX
O2 transport / storage
**Iron**
**Fe**
99
**Folate for Pernicious Anemia?**
Folate will only **mask the symptoms** of
***Cbl (cobalamin b12) deficiency***
only relieve the **ANEMIA** (Cbl is needed to recycle folate)
***_But it does NOT resolve the NEUROPATHY_***
100
**Colored Veggies**
Squash / Pumpkin / Carrots
**Vitamin A Sources**
101
**Required nutrients** for the body
need **much more compared to *micronutrients***
**_Carbs / Fats / Proteins_**
**Macronutrients**
102
from ***_Niacin (B3) / Tryptophan_*** *Deficiency*
Mainly ***corn diet***
Tryptophan widely used in redox rxns = **NAD(P)H**
Initial S/S:
**roughness of skin + Diarrhea**
Extreme:
**dementia / Death**
**Pellagra**
103
**Sodium**
Macroelement, \>100mg/day
**Main EXTRAcellular CATION+**
out
104
**Chlorine**
Macroelement, \>100mg/day
## Footnote
**Main ANION- in body fluids**
105
Trace Element, 1-100mg/day
**Urea Formation**
**Cartilage formation**
**Magnesium**
**Mn**
106
***MicroNutrients***
**_Vitamins**_ & _**Minerals_**
*excreted daily, need to be REPLACED*
**Necessary Dietary nutrients**
allow for the lost/degraded/excreted **co-factors**
107
**Molybdate**
**Mb**
Ultratrace Elements, \<1mg/day
**oxidation of Aldehydes** / **sulfates**
production of urate
108
**_Lipid Antioxidant_**
***Lipid Peroxidation***
* still mysterious*
* thought to involve trapping of lipopohilic free radicals*
**Vitamin E**
Use / Deficiency
109
Type of _Cofactor_ that is held ***LOOSELY*** (*not w/ covalent bonds)* by the enzyme, and can be released easily
**_Resemble Substrates**_, undergo rxn, but is _**Recycled_** to go back to OG state \> re-used
Usually are **_*Small* Organic_** molecules
**_NAD**_ / _**CoA**_ / _**B12_**
derived from Vitamins / Minerals
*NOT _metal ions_ or _inorganic groups_ like phosphate*
**Coenzymes**
110
**Nicotinamides**
From **_Niacin (B3)_** or **_Tryptophan_** (*not enough from diet)*
Part of these **coenzymes:**
**NADH** - oxidation of fuel
**NADPH** - biosynthesis reductions
Undergo **_Redox Cycling:_**
**_2 electron carriers & at same time_** (hydride anion)
concerted mechanism, *not 1 at a time*
111
Ultratrace Elements, \<1mg/day
**oxidation of Aldehydes** / **sulfates**
production of urate
**Molybdate**
**Mb**
112
**Cofactor**
Required by **Enzymes** to assist in **Catalysis**
_***Small*** **Organic / *Inorganic***_ Molecules
**_IONS_**
(metal ions = Zn2+)
2 types:
**Co-Enzymes + Prosthetic groups**
113
**Pernicious Anemia**
due to ***_IMPAIRMENT OF UPTAKE***_ of _***CBL = Cobalamin (B12)_*** from the **_GUT_**
production of _*RBC impaired,* esp immature megaloblasts_ --\> **_Megaloblastic ANEMIA_**
affects _myelin membrane_ of nerve cells --\> **_NEUROPATHY_**
affects all rapidly dividing tissues, because ***DNA synthesis*** *is impaired* *(*CBL needed for recycling Folate, cofactor needed for _Thymidine & Purine_ for DNA)
114
**Essential MACRO elements**
**minerals**
**Cl/aP - K**is**S M**y**N**utz
## Footnote
**_\>100mg/day_** by adults
7
**Cl / Ca / P**
**K / S / Mg / Na**
115
**Biotin**
**Vitamin C**
**Panthothenic Acid**
* Vitamin B's **_1-2-3-6-9-12_**
* B1 = **Thiamine**
* B2 = **Riboflavin**
* B3 = **Niacin**
* B6 = **PyridoXine**
* B9 = **Folic Acid**
* B12 = **Cobalamin**
**Water-Soluble Vitamins**
116
**Some evidence for the benifit of these**
**Dietary Minerals**
**Vassinity**
**V-As-Si-Ni**ty
~~~~
**V / As / Si / Ni**
117
**Biotin**
**_Carboxylic Reactions_**
***deficiency rarely occurs***
* Thinning of Hair / Skin Rash*
* Lethargy / Depression / Hallucinations*
118
**Thiamine**
**B1 -\> _TPP_**
**_Oxidative DEcarboxylation Rxns_**
Transketolization
Synthesis of ALL Nucleotides + NAD/CoA
***Beri-Beri***
119
**Vitamin E Sources**
**Oil Seeds**
Oil**E** S**EE**ds
120
**Green Leafy Veggies**
**K**ale / Spinach
**Vitamin K Sources**
121
**B1 -\> _TPP_**
**_Oxidative DEcarboxylation Rxns_**
Transketolization
Synthesis of ALL Nucleotides + NAD/CoA
***Beri-Beri***
**Thiamine**
122
**Niacin (B3) Sources**
can be made from precursor AA = **tryptophan**, *but not in adequate amounts*
**Meats** / **Liver**
**Legumes & Peanuts**
**Dairy**
* veggies / grain / cereal are low*
* CORN dependent --\> pellagra*
123
**_Tightly-Bound_** cofactor
## Footnote
attachment is often **_Covalent_**
**_Recycled_**, just like _co-enzymes_
Ex. **_Biotin_**
**_Flavins_**
**_Hemes_**
derived from Vitamins / Minerals
**Prosthetic Groups**
124
**Coenzymes**
Type of _Cofactor_ that is held ***LOOSELY*** (*not w/ covalent bonds)* by the enzyme, and can be released easily
**_Resemble Substrates**_, undergo rxn, but is _**Recycled_** to go back to OG state \> re-used
Usually are **_*Small* Organic_** molecules
**_NAD**_ / _**CoA**_ / _**B12_**
derived from Vitamins / Minerals
*NOT _metal ions_ or _inorganic groups_ like phosphate*
125
**B12**, Cobalt -\> **_CoEnzyme B12_**
_**Isomerization** of **mm-CoA** -\> **succinyl CoA**_
conversion o_f **homocysteine to Methionine**_
***Pernicious/Megaloblastic Anemia***
***Homocysteinuria***
***CNS Degradation***
**Cobalamin**
126
**Meats / Liver**
**Milk / Dairy**
**Legumes / Yeast**
general
**Pantothenic Acid**
127
**Riboflavin**
**B2**
**Redox Rxns**
**FAD + FMN**
***deficiency rarely occurs***
*stunted growth / anemia / skin lesions*
128
**Cereals**
**Meat**
***Non-Citrus Fruit***
**Pyridoxine B6 Sources**
129
**Ascorbic Acid Sources**
**Citrus**
**Tomatoes**
130
**Calcium**
**Macro**element, \>100mg/day
**Bone + Teeth**
Signal transduction/conduction
**Blood coagulation**
