10: Treatment of Infection Flashcards
what is the goal of infectious disease drugs?
selective toxicity – killing the problem without causing excessive damage to other cells
how are bacteria categorized?
categorized by shape and staining of the cell
what is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic drugs?
bactericidal: kill/destroy bacteria
bacteriostatic: limit bacteria growth
what are the 3 main mechanisms action of antibacterials?
– inhibit cell wall synthesis and function
– inhibit protein synthesis
– inhibit DNA/RNA function
what are adverse effects of antibiotics?
hypersensitivity reactions (rashes, itching, respiratory difficulty – wheezing), and GI problems (N,V,D)
what is one of the most serious problems with antibacterial drugs?
development of bacteria that is resistant to antibacterial agents
when can resistance occur?
– certain bacteria have a defense mechanism
– genetic mutations
– drug’s ability to penetrate bacterial cell is reduced
what are the most common drugs that have resistance?
VRSA, MRSA, VRE, PRSP
what are PT implications for antibacterials?
– infection control (bone, wounds, UTIs, pneumonia)
– hypersensitivity & GI problems
why are viruses unique?
they rely on the host (human) cell to function, which means they are difficult to treat without destroying good cells
the FDA has approved drugs to treat which viruses?
Hep B, influenza, herpes simplex, CMV, warts, RSV
what are interferons?
group of proteins made by the immune system in response to infection to help healthy cells resist infection
what viruses can interferons help treat?
Hep B&C, certain cancers, MS
what are adverse effects of interferons?
(body’s response to infection): fever, sweating, chills, muscle aches, general malaise, depression
what are the two goals of pharmacological mgmt of HIV?
- control proliferation of HIV
- treat and prevent opportunistic infections
are there any drugs available that completely kill HIV in humans?
no, but a few antiviral drugs can inhibit replication which reduces mortality and morbidity
what are two types of drugs that help prevent the proliferation of HIV?
protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors
what are adverse effects of protease inhibitors?
abdominal fat deposition, increased cholesterol, insulin resistance, increased risk of CV disease, diarrhea, headache, fatigue
what are adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors?
anemia, fever, chills, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, excessive fatigue, myopathy, atrophy
what is highly active antiretroviral therapy? HAART
when several anti-HIV drugs are administered simultaneously to provide optimal defense against HIV
what are opportunistic infections?
immune systems are down from HIV treatment, leaving body open to infection from other things (major cause of illness and death in those with HIV)
what are examples of common opportunistic infections?
pneumonia, hepatitis, necrotizing lesions, vesicular eruption of the skin, tuberculosis, CNS infection
what are PT implications for HIV?
– infection control
– myopathy and peripheral neuropathy
– maintain muscle strength and function with massage, aerobic and resistance exercise
