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Pharm > 1: Principles of Pharm > Flashcards

1: Principles of Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

study of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, or eliminated from the body

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2
Q

threshold dose

A

minimum dose of a drug needed to cause cellular changes (aka minimal effective dose)

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3
Q

potency / potent

A

amount of a drug needed to produce a given effect / powerful in small doses

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4
Q

pharmacotherapeutics

A

drugs used to prevent, treat, or diagnose a disease (therapeutic impact of medications)

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5
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

analysis of what the drug does to the body at the systemic and cellular level (what is the effect of the drug on the body)

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6
Q

What group monitors and approves new drugs in the U.S.?

A

the FDA

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7
Q

how are animals involved in the drug creation process?

A

they are the initial testing phase, before human tests

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8
Q

what are the 3 phases of drug testing (number of subjects)?

A

Phase 1 - 10-100 subjects
Phase 2 - 50-500
Phase 3 - hundreds to thousands

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9
Q

What portion of drugs tested in clinical trails reach the marketplace?

A

less than 1/3

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10
Q

controlled substances

A

medications with strict regulations in order to try to prevent drug abuse

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11
Q

drug toxicity

A

drug level exceeds therapeutic range; body reacts to higher rate of intake before the body can metabolize or excrete

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12
Q

TI equation

A

TD50 / ED50

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13
Q

non-receptor drugs

A

some drugs exert their effects without interaction with a receptor

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14
Q

neurotransmitters

A

released by neurons to cause excitation or inhibition to other neurons

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15
Q

ceiling effect

A

maximum dose of a drug where increased doses will not result in further change

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16
Q

median effective dose (ED50)

A

the dose at which 50% of the population responds to it in the expected manner

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17
Q

median toxic dose (TD50)

A

the dose at which 50% of the population exhibits the specific adverse effect

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18
Q

median lethal dose (LD50)

A

the dose that causes death in 50% of the animals it was tested on

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19
Q

therapeutic index

A

an indicator of the drug’s safety; determined by the median effective dose and toxic dose. safer drugs have higher TI value (larger margin for error)

20
Q

drugs with highest vs. lowest TI

A

highest: OTC
lowest: chemo

21
Q

enteral drug administration

A

drug intake that involves the GI system; oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal

22
Q

parental drug administration

A

drug intake that is not associated with the GI system; inhalation, injection, topical, transdermal

23
Q

oral administration

A
  • swallowing drug, absorbed by GI lumen
  • most common enteral method
  • must be lipid-soluble so that it is absorbed into mucosa and bloodstream
  • may be slower and less complete than some parenteral routes
24
Q

first-pass effect

A

when a significant amount of the drug is metabolized by the liver before it ever reaches its site of action

25
Q

sublingual and buccal administration

A
  • drugs placed under tongue
  • drugs placed between cheek and gums
  • NOT subject to first-pass effect
  • will be ineffective if swallowed
26
Q

rectal administration

A
  • inserted via suppositories
  • poor absorption, irritation of rectal mucosa
  • partial avoidance of first-pass effect
27
Q

parenteral admin compared to enteral admin

A
  • parenteral methods deliver drugs to the action site more directly
  • quantity of parenteral drug that reaches the site is more predictable
  • not effected by first-pass effect of liver
28
Q

inhalation administration

A
  • drugs in aerosol form
  • drugs diffuse into pulmonary circulation through alveoli
  • commonly used with pulmonary medications and general anesthetics
29
Q

injection administration

A
  • used for systemic or local drugs
  • can be through veins, arteries, skin, muscle, spinal subarachnoid space, bursae
  • IV commonly used in ER because it is fast
30
Q

topical administration

A
  • drug applied to the surface of the skin or mucous membrane
  • used to treat skin conditions
  • not well absorbed across the epidermis
  • includes eye & ear drops
31
Q

transdermal administration

A
  • drugs applied to the surface of the skin
  • designed to be absorbed into skin
  • allows for slow controlled release of drug (medicine patches)
  • absorption & effect of drug depends on local blood flow at the site
  • includes ionto & phonophoresis
32
Q

bioavailability

A

the extent to which the drug reaches the systemic circulation (expressed as a percentage of the amount of drug administered)

33
Q

factors that affect distribution of a drug

A

tissue permeability, blood flow, plasma proteins, subcellular components

34
Q

What is the problem with drugs binding to plasma proteins?

A

drugs can form irreversible bonds with proteins in the bloodstream which renders them essentially ineffective

35
Q

volume of distribution

A

amount of drug administered / concentration of drug in the plasma (used to estimate how well a drug was distributed throughout the body)

36
Q

locations drugs may be stored after being absorbed

A

adipose tissue (most common), bone, muscle, organs

37
Q

controlled-release substances

A

drugs that are designed to have a slower and prolonged absorption from the GI tract or other routes (common in meds for cardiovascular, pain, and parkinson’s)

38
Q

implanted drug devices

A

surgically inserted container in the abdomen that has a reservoir of the drug and releases in small, measured doses on a schedule; can be controlled by remotes

39
Q

two ways of drug elimination

A

biotransformation and excretion

40
Q

biotransformation

A

chemical changes that take place which alter the drug into a metabolite which is inactive

41
Q

site for most drug biotransformation

A

liver

42
Q

methods of drug excretion

A

kidneys (most common), lungs, GI tract, sweat, saliva, breast milk

43
Q

tolerance

A

prolonged use of a drug induces the body to adjust and break down the drug faster

44
Q

clearance

A

elimination of a drug (can be used to describe specific organs or the whole body)

45
Q

half-life

A

the amount of time required for 50% of the drug in the body to be eliminated

46
Q

factors that affect how an individual responds to drugs

A

genetics, disease, drug interactions, age, diet, sex, exercise, smoking, alcohol, obesity, SCI

Pharm (18 decks)

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