10: Threats: Religio and Heresy 1000-1300

Question 1

key terms:
orthodoxy
Elite/popular heresies

Answer 1

orthodoxy: Authorised and generally accepted theory/practice.
Judaism and Islam not heresies
- ‘elite’ and ‘popular’ heresies.

Question 2

Religious Authority: what made Xn orthodoxy

Who was in charge of Christians in the West and who decided what was corect

Answer 2

a) 3 pivotal stages in relationship between lay people and Clergy
1: Christianity becomes orthodoxy, c.300 emeror Constantine and Pope Sylvester. Emperors gave Church Property
2: 11th c: conflict bwteeen church and state over ability to apoint chucrch locals. Poes make emperors.
3: Pope Innocent III and triumph of ‘papal monarchy’ 1198-1216. Now Popes rule even emperors. At his consecration, he said that pope “is less tha God bt greater than man judge of all men but judged by none”

Question 3

The Nicerne Creed (4th c)

Answer 3

Statemet of belief used widely by Christian Liturgy

• Fostered ideas of Trinity, Creation and Incarnation
• Holy Trinity and God as Creator/ all powerful

Question 4

What some didnt like about the Church

early heresy

Answer 4

• Political Activity; e.g. Arnold of Brescia Critique of the Papacy in 12th c
• Wealth and Economic Role: Aberwin of Steinfelds account of the Cathar Critique of Monks 1140s
• Social role: harebert of Perigords between 1000 and critique of Charity
• Moral Hypocrisy: Pierre Clergue and Montallou c.1300
• Moopoly of Sacraments: marriage, Baptism etc

Question 5

Forms of Medieval Heresy:

Clerical View

Answer 5

a) Ademar of Chabannes C.1000 wrote of anti-semitism and how it in turn led to heresy in the muslim word forcing christians to die or convert
b) Psuedo-Apostles: tose wo dare preach: Valdes 1170 who gave up all belongings and began to preach volutary poverty/
c) Donatists in 12th c undermined priestly roles. E.g. Henry of Lausanne who preached to give up belongings and rejected invocation of saints
d) Lollards 14th c followers of John Wycliffe. Advocated translating Bible into English rejected baptism and confession
e) Brethren of the free spirit: 13th C: those who believed sacraments were not necessary for salvation

Question 6

Forms of Heresy:

Historians view

Answer 6

a) Return of primitive church and apostolic christianity: Herbert Grundmann.

Question 7

NOT RELEVANT

General themes of medieval history 1200-1500

Answer 7

Emergence of European States and nations as opposed to fuedal realms. Crisis in Kingship, Increased opportunity for lower classes, Increased revolt for lower classes. Increased questioning of medieval reasoning etc.

Question 8

Heresy in Southern France

Primary Source

Answer 8

Chronicle of Peter on Cathars:

• Events from 1202-08
• Written from Catholic side, followed 4th Crusade. Campaigned against catharism
• Wrote in a way of Propaganda and exagerrated to give reason to crusades/opposition of heresy
• Likened heretics to robbers/criminals
• Also refers to people who are forced to convert as no longer being christian and being ‘one of them’. If you receive baptism of the heretics u reject baptism of the church