10. Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Organic chemistry

Answer 1

-chemistry of the compounds of carbon

Question 2

Friedrich Wohler (1828)

Answer 2

-experiment: organic compound from inorganic compounds
•heated aqueous solution of ammonium chloride + silver cyanate ➡️ urea (organic compound in urine) + AgCl

Question 3

August Kekule

Answer 3

-organic compounds are those containing carbons

Question 4

Organic compounds

Answer 4

-almost entirely covalent
-gases, liquids, solids with low melting points
-most are insoluble in water
-most are soluble in organic solvents
-aqueous solutions do not conduct electricity
-almost all burn
-reactions are usually slow

Question 5

Inorganic compound

Answer 5

-most ionic bonds
-most are solids with high melting points
-many soluble in water
-most insoluble in organic solvents
-aqueous solutions conduct electricity
-very few burn
-fast reactions

Question 6

Obtaining organic compounds
1. Isolation from nature

Answer 6

-vit E., Penicillin, table sugar, insulin, quinine, anticancerdrug paclitaxel, natural gas, petroleum, coal

Question 7

Taxol
aka
Paclitaxel

Answer 7

-cancer-fighting component of yew bark
-ovarian and breast cancer

Question 8

Obtaining organic compounds
2. Synthesis in laboratory

Answer 8

-identical in chemical and physical properties to those found in nature

•Combinatorial chemistry
-process in which chemists try to produce as many compounds from as few building blocks as possible

Question 9

Structural formula of organic compounds

Answer 9

1. Carbon normally forms 4 covalent bonds and no unshared pairs of electron
2. Nitrogen normally forms 3 covalent bonds and has 1 unshared pairs of electron
3. Oxygen normally forms 2 covalent bonds and 2 unshared pairs of electron
4. Hydrogen forms 1 covalent bond and has no unshared electrons
5. Halogen normally forms 1 covalent bond and has 3 unshared electrons

Question 10

Functional group

Answer 10

-atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of predictable physical and chemical behaviors

Question 11

Alcohols

Answer 11

—OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom
-classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), tertiary (3°) depending on number of carbon atoms bonded to carbon bearing the —OH group

Question 12

Amine

Answer 12

-organic compound in which one, two, or three hydrogens of ammonia are replaced by carbon groups
-functional group: amino group
classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), tertiary (3°) depending on number of carbon group bonded to nitrogen

Question 13

Aldehydes and ketones

Answer 13

-both contain C(double bond)O carbonyl group

•ALDEHYDE: functional group contains carbonyl group bonded to hydrogen
•KETONE: carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms

Question 14

Carboxylic acid

Answer 14

functional group: —-COOH (carboxyl: carbonyl + hydroxyl)

Question 15

Carboxylic ester

Answer 15

-derivativr of a carboxylic acid in which the H of carboxyl group is replaced by a carbon group