10. Motor Control and Disorders

Question 1

Disrupting primary motor cortex regions in the left hemisphere with TMS will affect motor function on which side of the body?

Answer 1

The right

Question 2

Primary motor cortex is involved in which of these: preparing actions, higher level planning, sensory-motor links, execution?

Answer 2

Execution of movement

Question 3

This structure is located on the postcentral gyrus

Answer 3

Primary somatosensory cortex

Question 4

The primary output of M1 is to:

Answer 4

The spinal cord

Question 5

M1 recieves input from:

Answer 5

premotor areas, somatosensory cortex, SMA

Question 6

Hemiplegia is the paralysis of one side: true or false?

Answer 6

true

Question 7

Hemiparesis is weakness of one side: true or false?

Answer 7

true

Question 8

Vector coding relies on:

Answer 8

Neurons in M1 having preferred directions of movement they respond to and averaging these across neuronal populations

Question 9

Why is it important that somatosensory cortex inputs to M1?

Answer 9

• proprioception to aid movement

- pain sensation to move limbs away

Question 10

The eyes are controlled separately to the body by this region

Answer 10

the Frontal Eye Fields

Question 11

These types of eye movement are fast, short, and happen constantly

Answer 11

Saccades

Question 12

This type of eye movement is slow and involves actively tracking a stimulus

Answer 12

Smooth Pursuit

Question 13

Which is responsible for externally generated action: lateral premotor cortex or SMA?

Answer 13

Lateral premotor cortex

Question 14

Premotor region involved in internally generated action and complex or learnt sequences

Answer 14

SMA

Question 15

What changes occur in the activity of the PFC, M1, premotor cortex and SMA when a sequence goes from effortful to automatic

Answer 15

decreased activation in all regions except for SMA, which increases

Question 16

Blocking the SMA only interferes with complex sequences and not simple. This shows that:

Answer 16

SMA is not involved in simple sequences

Question 17

This brain region is involved in choosing whether we want to perform an action, attending to difficult actions, and goals/intentions

Answer 17

the prefrontal cortices

Question 18

Prefrontal lesions: what is perseveration?

Answer 18

continuing an action when no longer relevant or desired

Question 19

Prefrontal lesions: what is utilisation behaviour?

Answer 19

acting on an object inappropriately eg grasping someone else’s glasses

Question 20

What is disinhibition following prefrontal lesions?

Answer 20

• doing an action when you dont want to

- performing inappropriate behaviours or actions that go against social rules

Question 21

The antisaccade task assesses frontal lobe damage, in particular which symptom of prefrontal lesions?

Answer 21

Disinhibition

Question 22

Which type of apraxia results in being unable to follow steps in a routine action?

Answer 22

Frontal Apraxia

Question 23

The norman and shallice model proposes we can select a schema/goal via contention scheduling. This may be impaired in prefrontal lesions and cause:

Answer 23

perseveration and utilisation behaviour

Question 24

What is apraxia?

Answer 24

An inability to performed skilled, meaningful action

Question 25

Ideomotor apraxia: subjects can recognise action performed by another but not mime it or execute it. This is caused by damage to:

Answer 25

the Parietal cortex

Question 26

True or false: those with ideomotor apraxia can perform sequences of actions and those with frontal apraxia cannot

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Cerebellar patients tend to have this form of tremor during the finger-to-nose test (action, resting, essential)?

Answer 27

Action tremor

Question 28

How will cerebellar patients perform in a random saccade test?

Answer 28

struggle to move eye to the target

Question 29

What are the subcortical motor areas (2)?

Answer 29

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

Question 30

What is micrographia in Parkinson’s?

Answer 30

writing becomes smaller and fainter due to fatigue

Question 31

What is the underlying pathology of parkinson’s?

Answer 31

Death of dopamine releasing cells in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta

Question 32

The 3 cardinal motor symptoms of parkinson’s:

Answer 32

bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigid muscles

Question 33

The basal ganglia is related to the SMA, this means parkinson’s patients often struggle with:

Answer 33

• internally generated movement

- complex sequences and bimanual coordination

Question 34

The parietal cortex is the site of:

Answer 34

Sensory-motor links

Question 35

Frontal apraxics can do each individual aspect of sequence but not whole sequence: T or F?

Answer 35

True

Question 36

What is optic ataxia and what is optic apraxia?

Answer 36

• ataxia: reach and grasp deficit: parietal cortex damage

- not being able to move eyes voluntarily and horizontally