10. Melodic Compostion

Question 1

Anacrusis

Answer 1

-melody begins before the beat

+ pickup note(s)

Question 2

Augmentation

Answer 2

Form of rhythmic variation where the pitches remain the same but the rhythms are lengthened
-note values are made longer

Question 3

Conjunct

Answer 3

Stepwise motion

Question 4

Diminution

Answer 4

Note values are shortened

Opposite of augmentation

Question 5

Disjunct

Answer 5

Skip-wise motion

Question 6

Elision

Answer 6

Occurs when one phrase ends and the next begins simultaneously with one note or chord functioning to overlap the phrase

Question 7

Expansion

• internal
• cadential

Answer 7

Phrase expansion is when the phrase is expanded beyond normal phrase length by adding material to the beginning, middle, or end.

• introduction- added at beginning (prefix)
• cadential- added at the end (suffix)

Question 8

Fragmentation

Answer 8

Division of a musical idea (motive, theme, etc.) into segments.

Question 9

Imitation

Answer 9

a melody repeats in a different voice but varied a bit

Question 10

Leitmotif

Answer 10

A motive thematically associated with a person, place, or idea

Question 11

Literal Repetition

Answer 11

Exact Repetition in the same voice

Question 12

Melody

Answer 12

Logical progression of pitches and rhythms.

Linear succession of notes that form a recognizable unit

Question 13

Mode Mixture, Modal Borrowing

Answer 13

Combining chords from parallel major or minor mode to increase harmonic resources.
Provides more variation in harmonies by occasionally borrowing a chord from the parallel minor or major mode.

Question 14

Non-Chord Tones

Answer 14

• notes that don’t belong in the chord

- create a temporary dissonance

Question 15

Non-Harmonic Tones

Answer 15

Not part of the harmony

Question 16

Appoggiatura

Answer 16

Specific type of incomplete neighbor that leaves the preparation by a leap up and then resolves down by a step.
- this is an accented nct bc it occurs on the beat

Question 17

Anticipation tone

Answer 17

Tone that leaves early from the preparation chord by step to become part of the resolution chord. It anticipates the pitch to come in the next chord.

Question 18

Escape Tone (échappée)

Answer 18

Form of incomplete neighbor that leaves the chord tome by step them resolves in the opposite direction by a leap

Question 19

Incomplete Neighbor (Cambiata)

Answer 19

Non harmonic tone appeared by a skip or leap in one direction and resolved by stepwise motion in the opposite direction. (Occurs in a weak rhythmic position)

Question 20

Passing Tones

• accented
• unaccented
• chromatic

Answer 20

• accented passing time occurs when the passing time is not a part of the chord OCCURS ON THE BEAt
• chromatic passing tone is a non-diatonic note (requiring an accidental) connecting two chord tones, one whole step a part

PT are melodic embellishments that fill in between the preparation and resolution by stepwise motion

Question 21

Neighbor Tones

-upper and lower

Answer 21

NCT that decorate a line by moving from one pitch to another one step above (upper neighbor) or below (lower neighbor) and then returning to the original pitch

Question 22

Suspension

Answer 22

When a note in the preparation of the chord is HELD over, suspended, creating a momentary accented dissonance (on the beat) then resolved downward by step to the resolution.

Question 23

Retardation

Answer 23

Suspended note that resolves upward

Question 24

Octave Designation

Answer 24

Octave designations provide a method to correctly identfy every possible musical note from the lowest to highest pitches.

Middle C= C4

Question 25

Phrase

Answer 25

Coherent musical thoughts that move toward a goal: the cadence.

Question 26

Phrase Structure

Answer 26

Phrases typically occur in pairs

Question 27

Symmetrical and Asymmetrical

Answer 27

Same or different length

Question 28

Periodic Structure

Answer 28

How phrases are grouped

Question 29

Antecedent- Consequent

Answer 29

When the first phrase of a pair ends with a weaker cadence and the second ends with a stronger harmonic conclusion (pac)

Question 30

Parallel Period

Answer 30

When the two phrases making up the period begin identically or the second is a variation of the first

Question 31

Contrasting Period

Answer 31

When the two phrases are different from each other

Question 32

Double Period

Answer 32

Group of four phrases in which the only pac occurs at the conclusion of the fourth phrase. The first two and last two phrases are paired to form an antecedent- consequent relationship

Question 33

Repeated Period

Answer 33

Two phrases that form a parallel Period exactly. (Same melodic structure, different cadence, harmonized different)

Question 34

Modulating Period

Answer 34

The modulating period starts the same as the ordinary period and the consequent phrase finishes with a perfect cadence in a new key, usually the relative major or dominant.

Question 35

Retrograde

Answer 35

Melody is played backwards Retrograde inversion plays the pitches of the original theme exactly backward and inverted

Question 36

Rhythmic Displacement

Answer 36

Keeps the original Structure intact but moves to a different place in the measure

Question 37

Sequence

Answer 37

Melodic sequence refers to repeating the original motive, starting on a different pitch

Question 38

Transposition

Answer 38

Musical transposition is a type of repetition where the starting point (or pitch) of a chord or melody is restated at a different level than the original segment. This restatement may be higher or lower and may occur as many times at different levels as a composer thinks is appropriate.

Question 39

Variation

Answer 39

The original motive is used as the basis for related musical ideas

Question 40

Tonic

Answer 40

Tonal center of the melody

Question 41

Mediant

Answer 41

Defines the harmonic nature, (major or minor) (3rd)

Question 42

Dominant

Answer 42

Fifth scale degree, sol

Question 43

Seventh

Answer 43

Positions your melody to return to the tonic. Leading tone adds tension to the melody

Question 44

Sub-phrase

Answer 44

Melodic unit smaller than a phrase, doesn’t end with a cadence

Question 45

Theme

Answer 45

Compatible melodic phrase anywhere from 2-8 measures

Question 46

Inversion or melodic inversion Mirror inversion

Answer 46

Imitation of melody upside down from original melody. If inverted intervals are exact mirror inversion

Question 47

Ornamentation or Embellishment

Answer 47

Technique of adding or decorating the melody with ncts such as passing tones, neighboring tones, and suspensions