10 markers

Question 1

opportunity theory

Answer 1

is a theory created by radical feminists its the idea that offenders make rational choices and thus choose targets that offer a high reward with little effort and risk

Question 2

deviance

Answer 2

actions that break social norms of society, for example not saying please or thank you. if people these all the time then life would become difficulty to manage.

Question 3

white collar crime

Answer 3

crimes of the middle class, as oppose to blue collar crime

Question 4

chivalry thesis

Answer 4

the police and courts are more lenient with women

Question 5

deviancy amplification

Answer 5

society in a sense creates deviancy, by labelling we may encourage further deviant and it also pushes the people with the labels together

Question 6

broken window theory

Answer 6

if empty buildings were in good condition they would remain unvandalised, if however there was damage other people would join in and create further damage to the building

Question 7

canteen culture

Answer 7

refers to the way in which people working in a particular workplace can develop a shared set of values and prejudices.

Question 8

social construction of crimes

Answer 8

crime is socially constructed, whether an act is criminal or not is determined by social processes, the introduction of new acts of parliament which change the law constantly change the nature of crime.

Question 9

collective conscience

Answer 9

everyone in a culture has the same norms and values which maintain a balance in society

Question 10

anomie

Answer 10

normlessness so it would be out of control, lack of social solidarity

Question 11

formal social control

Answer 11

is conducted by a range of formal agencies from the government, e.g police. the rules made by these institutions are clearly written down

Question 12

control theory

Answer 12

where there is a lack of strong social bonds with parents, family and friends are more likely to commit crime

Question 13

official crime statistics

Answer 13

this refers to any set of data collected by the government or official body collected from the census

Question 14

victim studies

Answer 14

is the study of who the victims of crime are and why they are

Question 15

strain theory

Answer 15

is the idea that when a individual cant achieve success through the legal means, so they seek alternatives methods and could result in crime - merton

Question 16

focal concerns

Answer 16

areas or issues which command widespread and persistent attention and a high degree of emotional involvement

Question 17

zero tolerance

Answer 17

to punish all minor offences and therefore discourage people from going on to the more serious crimes

Question 18

master status

Answer 18

a defining social position a person holds, a title a person more relates to when trying to express themselves to others

Question 19

institutional racism

Answer 19

refers to the prejudice attitude and active discrimination towards ethnic minorities from the police and court system

Question 20

self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 20

process through which an originally false expectation leads to its own conformation

Question 21

status frustration

Answer 21

theory created by albert cohen who looked at american society. its the idea of frustration experienced by individuals when they are denied opportunity of attaining social status, thus they look for status in gangs

Question 22

criminal subcultures

Answer 22

a subculture is a group that has values that are different to mainstream culture

Question 23

relative deprivation

Answer 23

the idea that people are deprived compared with others in society

Question 24

corporate crime

Answer 24

crimes committed by a company, white collar crime usually committed by the upper class

Question 25

blue collar crime

Answer 25

crimes committed by the working class, as oppose to the crime committed by the middle class

Question 26

hidden figures of crime

Answer 26

crimes which arent reported or recorded