10 marker possibilities - Native Americans

Question 1

Indian Removal Act argument:

Answer 1

• Members of 5 civilised tribes were removed from their land.
• Seminole tribe fought of US army for 7 years before giving up their homeland.
• Cherokee forcefully removed, 4000 died in Trail of Tears
• Overall 100,000 Indians exiled.
• 1,600 (1/10th) of Choctaws died in winter of 1831-2.

Question 2

Indian Removal Act limitations:

Answer 2

• Cherokee appealed to the supreme court 1831. –> ‘nation within a nation’ - Chief Justice John Marshall
• Davy Crockett and Daniel Webster spoke out against the Indian Removal Act.
• Appeal accepted by supreme court but ignored by Jackson.
• Jackson’s second annual message 1830 –> ‘separate’ and ‘enable them to pursue happiness in their own way’

Question 3

Indian Removal Act link:

Answer 3

• Treaty of Echota (Cherokee), 2000. Gave up 8 million acres for $5 million.
• Dependency

Question 4

The Plight of the Cherokee argument:

Answer 4

• Treaty of Echota (Cherokee), 2000. Gave up 8 million acres for $5 million.
• Cherokee forcefully removed, 4000 died in 1900 km Trail of Tears
• Soldier described how women were burying a body, but were arrested.

Question 5

The Plight of the Cherokee limitations:

Answer 5

• Effected one tribe (Cherokee)
• Their way of life had arguably already been destroyed
• Cherokee Phoenix (newspaper in English and Cherokee written language)
• Christian community

Question 6

Plight of the Cherokee link:

Answer 6

• Indian Removal Act 1831 –> 5 tribes subjected to the same as the Cherokee.
• Seminole tribe fought of US army for 7 years before giving up their homeland.
• Overall 100,000 Indians exiled.
• 1,600 (1/10th) of Choctaws died in winter of 1831-2.

Question 7

Government Acts argument:

Answer 7

• First Indian Appropriations Act created reservations. 1851. –> herbal remedies forbidden.
• Second Fort Laramie Treaty 1871 –> wards. Could change landholding without consulting tribes.
• Indian Trade and Intercourse Act 1834 set up Permanent Indian Frontier. (battle)

Question 8

Treaties argument:

Answer 8

• First Fort Laramie Treaty 1851 –> Ponca Trail of Tears 1876. Ponca reservation given to Lakota, who forcefully drove Ponca out. 200 died.
• Treaty of Fort Wise 1861 –> Arapaho and Cheyenne gave up 90% of land for railways

Question 9

Government Acts limitations:

Answer 9

• Treaties were made after 1851. Medicine Lodge Treaty 1867.
• Battles still occurred as tribes refused to move when demanded. –> Ghost Dance + Battle of Little Big Horn when Sioux refused to return to their reservation.

Question 10

Treaties limitations:

Answer 10

• Treaties were only between individual tribes.
  Fort Wise Treaty 1861 –> Arapaho and Cheyenne
• Second Fort Laramie Treaty 1868 –> Arapaho, Lakota, Sioux
• First Fort Laramie Treaty –>
  End fighting between tribes involved, allow railroads to be built, US gov would pay $50000 each year.

Question 11

Grant’s ‘peace policy’ argument:

Answer 11

• 1865 adopted and described as a ‘conquest by kindness’
• Encourage them to become white Americans.
• Had the power to attack Indians who refused to stay on reservation.
• Replaced corrupt Indian agents with Christian men –> Ely Parker (Indian) from a boarding school

Question 12

Grants ‘peace policy’ limitations:

Answer 12

• Ely Parker (an Indian) became Commissioner of Indian Affairs
• $2 million spent improving conditions of reservations
• Army was there primarily to protect Indians.

Question 13

Tecumseh’s confederation argument:

Answer 13

• In 1811, Tecumseh attempted to gain support from 5 civilised tribes.
• Governor of Indian Territory (William Henry Harrison) launched attack on Shawnee main settlement at Prophetstown. –> Burned food for winter.

Question 14

Tecumseh’s confederation limitations:

Answer 14

• Tecumseh (Shawnee leader) and his prophet brother preached rejection of white customs and goods.
• 1811 attempted to retrieve ancestral lands lost in 1809 to Treaty of Fort Wayne.
• After 1811 defeat, fled to Canada and continued to fight in 1812 war. Died in Battle of the Thames 1813.

Question 15

War of 1812 argument:

Answer 15

• Major General Andrew Jackson and Creek tribe fought in Horseshoe Bend 1814.
• Forced to cede 2/3rds of Land in the Treaty of Fort Jackson. –> modern day Alabama.
• Lost allies. British vacated forts around the Great Lakes.

Question 16

War of 1812 limitations:

Answer 16

• The Native Americans continued to fight.
• Following stalemate in war of 1812, the First Seminole War occurred. 1816-9 war.

Question 17

Dawes Act argument: February 1887

Answer 17

• President Chester Arthur 1881 –> ‘powerful influence in dissolving the tribal band’
• 90 million acres of land lost to Indian tribes
• Increase in land owned by individual Indians
  1887 - 240,000
  1904 - 370,000

Question 18

Dawes Act limitations:

Answer 18

• Alice Fletcher took 4 years dividing land on 1 reservation.
• Took 50 years for Indians to become citizens and earn individual title to land.
• Wounded Knee Massacre occurred 3 years later 1890 –> Ghost Dance
• By 1890, 50% of Indians lost land

Question 19

Dawes Act link:

Answer 19

• Curtis Act 1898 abolished civilised tribes’ communal land, government and tribal courts.

Question 20

Cheyenne Uprising (Colorado War) argument:

Answer 20

• Killed 230 (mostly squaws and children)
• 700 of 3rd Colorado Volunteers joined Chivington at Sand Creek despite Fort Lyon treaty
• Chivington –> ‘I stand by Sand Creek’ 20 years later.

Question 21

Cheyenne Uprising limitations:

Answer 21

• Bloodless third.
• Followed by Treaty of Little Arkansas 1865 –> 6 tribes involved.
• Black Kettle’s wife –> shot 9 times and survived providing hope.
• Held on to tradition –> Chief White Antelope sang death song during Sand Creek Massacre.