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MedST IB: Biology of Disease (BoD) > 1.0 Immunology > Flashcards

1.0 Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs in reversible injury?

A

1) Cell swelling<br></br>2) Fatty deposits

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2
Q

Apoptosis vs necrosis

A

“<div><img></img></div>”

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3
Q

Humoral vs cellular immunity

A

<b>Humoral</b> - antibody/complement mediated immunity<br></br><b>Cellular</b> - T cells (+ cytokine release)

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4
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity

A

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5
Q

What is the main haematopoietic organ?

A

Bone marrow

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6
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

1) Bone marrow<br></br>2) Thymus

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7
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

1) Lymph node<br></br>2) Spleen

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8
Q

What are some lymphoid tissues?

A

1) Intestine<br></br>2) Tonsils (+ other mucous membranes)<br></br>3) Skin<br></br>4) Blood + lymph

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9
Q

What immune cells are lymphoid derived?

A

1) NK cells<br></br>2) B + T lymphocytes

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10
Q

What immune cells are myeloid derived?

A

<b>Granulocytes</b><br></br>1) Neutrophils<br></br>2) Eosinophils<br></br>3) Basophils<br></br>4) Mast cells<br></br><br></br><b>Monocytes</b><br></br><br></br><b>Macrophages</b>

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11
Q

What cells are the following CD proteins found on? (also what is their function?):<br></br><br></br>CD3<br></br>CD4<br></br>CD8<br></br>CD16<br></br>CD19<br></br>CD45<br></br>CD56

A

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12
Q

What concentrations do cytokines work at?

A

10⁻¹⁰ - 10⁻¹⁵ M

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13
Q

Name four families of cytokines:

A

1) Interleukins<br></br>2) Chemokines<br></br>3) TNF<br></br>4) Interferons

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14
Q

What characteristics do all cytokines share?

A

1) Pleiotropism<br></br>2) Redundancy<br></br>3) Antagonism<br></br>4) Synergism

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15
Q

What is FAS ligand?

A

(FasL/CD95)<br></br>Member of TNF family<br></br>Trimer that binds to FAS receptor (CD95)<br></br>Causes apoptosis

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16
Q

What is perforin?

A

Monomer (similar to C9)<br></br>Aggregates → forms pores → allows ingress of <b>granzymes</b> → starts caspase cascade

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17
Q

What are the three kinds of innate immune recognition?

A

1) PAMPs<br></br>2) DAMPs<br></br>3) Missing self

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of PAMPs?

A

1) Shared by different organism classes<br></br>2) Molecular constituents essential for survival<br></br>3) Highly conserved<br></br>4) Not present in vertebral hosts<br></br>5) Allow discrimination between self and non-self

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19
Q

Give examples of PAMPs for:<br></br>1) Bacteria<br></br>2) Yeast<br></br>3) Viruses<br></br>4) Parasites

A

“<div><img></img></div>”

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20
Q

Give 5 examples of PRRs:

A

1) Toll-like receptors (TLRs)<br></br>2) Lectins + scavenger proteins (MBL)<br></br>3) NOD + NOD-like receptors (NLRs)<br></br>4) RIG-like receptors (RLRs)<br></br>5) DNA receptors<br></br>6) Others (CRP)

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21
Q

What happens on activation of TLRs?

A

Activation → cytokine release → inflammation<br></br><br></br>Signal is via TIR domains<br></br>Activate NFkB, AP1 and IRF3 transcription factors

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22
Q

What are the ligands for the different TLRs?

A

“<div><img></img></div>”

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23
Q

What is the mechanism of TLR4 action?

A

“<div><img></img></div>”

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24
Q

How many types of NLRs are there in humans?

A

22

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25
Where are NLRs located?
Cytoplasm
26
What are two subfamilies of NLRs?
1) NOD subfamily
2) NLRP subfamily
27
What do the NOD subfamily (of NLRs) cause on activation?
Activation → NFkB → inflammation
28
What proteins form the inflammasome complex?
1) NALP3
2) Caspase 1
3) ASC
29
Mechanism of inflammasome action:
1) PAMP is recognised → complex formation
2) NALP3 activates caspase 1
3) Caspase 1 converts proIL-1β → IL-1β

IL-1β promotes inflammation
30
What are DAMPs?
Danger associated molecular pathogens

Molecules that initiate non-infectious immune response
Normal tissue can cause immune response if damaged by trauma/infection
31
Examples of DAMPs:
1) Intracellular proteins
- Heat shock protein
- HMGB1
2) Intracellular molecules
- ATP
- Uric acid
- DNA/RNA
3) Extracellular molecules
4) Non-self irritants
- Aluminium
- Silica
32
What are the steps for neutrophil killing of pathogens?
1) Bacteria is phagocytosed
2) Phagosome fuses with granules from cytosol
3) pH of phagosome ↑ → killing bacteria
4) pF of phagosome ↓ → fusion with lysosome → complete degradation of bacterium
5) Neutrophil dies by apoptosis and is phagocytosed by macrophage
33
What is the 2 receptor hypothesis of NK cells?
They have two receptors:
1) Activating receptor
2) MHC I inhibitory receptor

Presence of ligand at both → no killing
Presence of activatory ligand + absence of MHC 1 → killing of cell
34
What are the two types of interferon?
Type 1 = IFN α + β
Produced by cells with viral infections
These interferons interfere with viral replication and alert neighbouring cells and activate NK cells

Type 2 = IFN γ
Produced by activated NK cells
Activate macrophages
35
What are the characteristics of acute inflammation? (cardinal signs)
1) Dolor (pain)
2) Calor (temp)
3) Rubor (redness)
4) Tumor (swelling)
5) Functio laesa (loss of function)
36
Name 3 resident immune cells (resident in tissues):
1) Macrophages
2) Dendritic cells
3) Mast cells
37
Local enzyme cascades contribute to inflammation. What do the following cascade products cause?
1) Bradykinin
2) Fibrin clot
3) Plasmin
1) Bradykinin
- Vasodilation
- ↑ vascular permeability
- Pain

2) Fibrin clot
- Prevents spread of infection

3) Plasmin
- Breaks down clot
- Activates complement
38
What effect do the following cytokines have?
1) IL-1α + IL-1β
2) IL-6
3) IL-12
4) TNFα
5) CXCL8 (IL-8)
1) IL-1α + IL-1β
- Pro-inflammatory
- Endogenous pyrogen (fever)

2) IL-6
- Pro-inflammatory
- Endogenous pyrogen (fever)
- Stimulates acute phase proteins

3) IL-12
- Stimulates NK + T cells →
i) ↑ IFN γ and TNFα secretion
ii) ↑ cytotoxicity
iii) ↑ Differentiation into Th1

4) TNFα
- Stimulates acute phase proteins
- Endogenous pyrogen (fever)

5) CXCL8 (IL-8)
- Attracts neutrophils
39
What are the acute phase protiens?
"
"
40
Activated endothelial cells make ligands to L-selectin and integrin. What do they do?
L-selectin
This is a lectin that binds carbohydrates
Allows rolling and slowing down of cell

Integrin
This is an adhesion molecule (binds to ICAM-1)
Allows cell to stop, adhere and transmigrate
41
Compare + contrast neutrophils and macrophages:
"
"
42
What factors lead to the termination of inflammation?
1) Inflammaotry mediators are short lived (↓ 1/2 life)
2) Macrophages secrete TGFβ → ↓ inflamm.
3) IL-10 (from monocytes) → ↓ inflamm.
4) Lipoxins (from arachidonic acid) → ↓ inflamm.
5) IL-1R antagonist
6) Pro-inflamm. cells die by apoptosis
43
What cell plays a key role in tissue repair?
Macrophages (M2)
44
What is a granuloma?
Walls off persistent pathogen
May have necrotic core
Lost of macrophages (histioctytes) - may fuse to become giant cells (multinucleated)
Granuloma is surrounded by:
1) Epitheloid macrophages (shoe sole shaped nuclei)
2) ECM (collagen)
3) other cells (lymphocytes, neutrophils + fibroblasts)
45
What are the three main functions of the complement system?
1) Activate inflamamtion
2) Opsonisation
3) Lysis of target cells
46
What is the bond present in C3?
Internal thioester bond
47
Compare and contrast C3a + C3b:
C3a
Small
Causes anaphylaxis
Activates/recruits phagocytes

C3b
Larger
Thioester bond
Susceptible to nucelophilic attack
48
What factors regulate C3bBb complex?
(including factors that allow host cells to escape complement activation)
Activated by
Properdin (Factor P)

Inhibited by
Factor H
Factor I
DAF
MCP
49
What is the membrane attack complex?
C5a,6,7,8,9
50
What bacterial diseases require MAC for clearance?
Useful for Gram -ve
Especially Neiserria (gonorrhea + Neisseria)
51
How does the host cell escape MAC?
CD59 prevents pore formation
52
What do C3a and C5a cause?
Anaphylaxis
C5a also recruits neutrophils
53
What are the steps of the lectin pathway?
MBL + MASP-1 + MASP-2
MASP-2 : C4 to C4a + C4b
C4b: C2 to C2a + C2b
C4bC2a = Classic convertase (Converts C3 to C3a + C3b)
54
What does mannose-binding lectin (MBL) bind to?
Mannose + Fructose
55
What are the steps of the classical pathway?
CRP binds to phosphocholine
Recruits C1
Results in cleavage of C4 - C4a + C4b
56
What is C1 composed of?
C1q x 6 (binds to IgG + IgM)
C1r (serine protease)
C1s (seine protease)
57
What are the three ways in which antibodies work?
1) Neutralisation
2) Opsonisation
3) Complement activation
58
Which organ does B cell rearrange its receptors?
Bone marrow
59
Which organ does T cell rearrange its receptors?
Thymus
60
Where are naive cells activated?
Secondary lymphoid tissue (lymph node + spleen)
61
What type of bond joins the light and heavy chains in antibodies?
Disulphide bridge (covalent bond)
62
What provides variation in antigen binding site?
Complimentary determining regions (CDRs)
63
How many constant + variable domains are there in light and heavy chains?
Light chain
1 x constant
1 x variable

Heavy chain
1 x variable
3 x constant (IgA, IgG, IgD) or 4 x constant (IgM, IgE)
64
What does the hinge region in the antibody provide?
Flexibility
65
What four main processes generate antibody diversity?
1) Different heavy and light chain combinations
2) Selection of different V, D, J segments
3) Junctional diversity
4) Somatic hypermutation
66
What BCR isotype do all naive B cells have?
IgM
67
What receptor mediates ADCC?
FcγRIII (IgG-NK cell interaction)

(also FcεRI mediates IgE-Eosinophil interactions)
68
What receptors are on mast cells and cause degranulation?
FcγRIII + FcεRI
69
How are antibody responses terminated?
-ve feedback (B cells have FcγRIIb to create -ve feedback loop)
70
Define affinity:
Interaction between single Ab binding site and a single monovalent epitope
71
Define avidity:
Measure of strength of interaction. Accounts for polyvalent epitopes
72
Compare and contrast MHC class I and II structures and binding grooves:
"
"
73
What is the length of peptides that MHC I and MHC II can bind?
MHC I = 8-9 peptides long

MHC II = 13-25 peptides long
74
What are the different MHC class I isotypes?

What are the different MHC class II isotypes?
Class I
HLA-A , HLA-B, HLA-C

Class II
HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR
75
What is MHC restriction?
TCR sees part of both the MHC molecule and the peptide, therefore the TCR can't respond to a peptide that is presented by a different MHC
76
What are T-cells selected for?
1) β chain maturation
2) Positive selection
2) Negative selection

MedST IB: Biology of Disease (BoD) (9 decks)

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