1.0 Demography and Populations Flashcards
What is demography?
Study of age structure and growth of population<br></br>Encompasses current <b>stock</b> and <b>flow</b>
What is stock?
The age and sex structure of a population
What is flow?
Flow of vital events<br></br>Birth/death/migrations<br></br>Usually summerised using rates or expectancy (e.g. life expectancy)
What is a rate? (true rate)
Frequency of an event occurring per person time<br></br>(number of x per 1000 people over a given period[year])<br></br><br></br>E.g. 10.6 deaths per 1000 person years
What is a risk?
Probability of a specified event occurring within a specified period
Define crude birth rate:
Number of births per unit of person time
Define crude death rate:
Number of deaths per unit of person time
Define crude rate of national increase (or decrease):
Crude birth rate - crude death rate
What is the usual range given to reproductive life?
15-45yrs old
What is the total fertility rate?
<b>Total number of babies born per average reproductive lifetime</b><br></br><br></br>Sum of probabilities of giving birth in each year of reproductive life (15-45yrs)<br></br><br></br>In UK this is ~ 2
What is gross reproductive rate?
<b>Total number of daughters per average reproductive lifetime</b><br></br><br></br>Proportion of female births x total fertility rate
What is net reproductive rate?
Average number of daughters per mother who are expected to survive to reproductive age
Define infant mortality ‘rate’:
“Probability of dying before 1st birthday<div><br></br></div><div><img></img></div>”
Define child (under 5) mortality ‘rate’:
Probability of child dying before 5yrs old.<br></br><br></br>Done by asking:<br></br>1) How many births have you had?<br></br>2) How many are still alive?
Define adult mortality ‘rate’:
Probability of dying between ages of 15 and 60
Why is it important to age standardise birth and death rates?
Because values are sensitive to age structure (esp. death rate)<br></br><br></br>Death rates within each age group could be lower in population A compared to population B. Crude death rate could, however be the same if population A has a more ageing population
What is q(x)?
Probability of dying during age interval<br></br>(this info is given to us)
What is l(x)?
Number living at beginning of interval<br></br><br></br>l(x+1) = l(x) - d(x)
What is d(x)?
Number of deaths during interval<br></br><br></br>d(x) = l(x)*q(x)
What is L(x)?
Number of person-years of life lived in this age intervals<br></br>L(x) = l(x+1) + 0.5*d(x)
What is T(x)?
Number of person-years of life lived in this and all subsequent age interval<br></br><br></br>T(x) = L(x) + from x to final row
What is e(x)?
Life expectancy at beginning of interval<br></br><br></br>e(x) = T(x) / l(x)
Why is it better to separate childhood and adult mortality?
Because there is limited association between child and adult mortality risks
When were biggest gains achieved for childhood mortality?
Early 20th century<br></br><br></br>Child mortality reduce by 50% in the first 3 decades of 20th century (1900-1930)
Increased incomes led to better nutrition (this wasn't as much the case in the UK, but other European countries saw poor people suffer when food prices went up due to poor harvest)
2) Professional medicine
Played little role in reducing mortality
3) Advancement and Diffusion of useful knowledge
""Domestic medicine""
Better understanding of how to protect and restore health"
When data was adjusted for environment - it seemed that the only benefit was living in a safer area-
Breast milk, boil cows milk, control flies, wash hands, keep infected people away from children
2) Mass participation
Books used to disseminate into
Newspapers
Baby weeks in local communities
3) Increased role of the mother figure
- Improvements were seen well before the vaccine was developed
2) Decline in tobacco caused disease
- Responsible for 3/4 decline in total risk
- Tobacco control occurred in late 20th century
