10) Connective tissue (proper)

Question 1

2 Types of Connective tissue

Answer 1

Loose (areolar) and Dense (fibrous or collagenous)

Question 2

Two types of Dense connective tissue

Answer 2

Irregular - fibres running multiple directions
and Regular - fibres running in one direction

Question 3

Loose connective tissue functions

Answer 3

Holds vessels that supply fluids
Permits cell migration
Inflammation
PAckaging around organs
Hold everything in place
Cushioning and stabilising organs

Question 4

Cell types in areolar tissue (and other constituents)

Answer 4

Fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells, other white blood cells, adipocytes, Ground substance - Proteoglycans; hyaluronic acid etc, Collagen and elastic fibres.

Question 5

Fibroblasts, what do they secrete

Answer 5

Fibres, very important in wound healing, myofibroblasts contract - contain myosin and actin.

Question 6

Macrophages

Answer 6

Phagocytes degrading foreign organisms and cell debris. Professional antigen presenting cells.

Question 7

Mast Cells

Answer 7

Look like basophils; release histamine - increases blood vessel wall permeability, heparin - anticoagulant, cytokines - attract eosinophils and neutrophils.

Question 8

4 Collagens fibrils and where?

Answer 8

Type I - most common, forms fibres and bundles tendons, capsules of organs dermis
Type II - Remain as fibrils dont form fibres, Hyaline and elastic cartilage
Type III - RETICULIN, form fibres around musce and nerve cells and within lymphatic tissues. eg spleen, and in tendons.
Type IV - Unique to basement membrane.

Question 9

What is extracellular matrix?

Answer 9

Ground substance - and fibres - Collagen Elastin reticulin

Question 10

Where generally is areolar tissue found?

Answer 10

just beneath epithelia - able to fight breaching pathogens , especially glands. Located around small blood vessels

Question 11

What connective tissue constitutes submucosa of colon?

Answer 11

Loose connective

Question 12

What is ground substance comprised of?

Answer 12

Proteoglycans - large macromolecule which allows glycosaminoglycans to bind. These GAGs are long chain polysaccharides and attract water to form a gel.
Hyaluronic acid is an example of a Unique GAG. Forms giant hydrophilic macromolecules.
Causes gel to be watery and sticky at the same time

Question 13

What type of connective tissue is the reticular layer of dermis in the skin?

Answer 13

Irregular dense

Question 14

What type of connective tissue is the papillary (superficial) layer of dermis in the skin?

Answer 14

areolar connective

Question 15

Regular dense connective tissue structure and reasoning

Answer 15

It is regular (collagen in one directions) so has a high young’s modulus in one direction, perfect in tendons.
70% collagen I, 30% reticulin
68% water - 30% collagen , 2% elastin

Question 16

examples of irregular dense connective tissue

Answer 16

Deep layer of dermis - Reticular layer (meaning netlike so evidently irregular fibres.)
Submucosa of intestine

Question 17

Ligament vs tendon

Answer 17

ligament connect bone to bone, wrapped in loose connective tissue - fascicles

Question 18

types of regular dense connective tissue?

Answer 18

Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

Question 19

marfans syndrome

Answer 19

Mutation of fibrillin 1 gene, cant make fibrillin which makes elastin.

Question 20

3 types of fascia and type

Answer 20

Superficial
Deep
Visceral / parietal
dense irregular connected tissue

Question 21

Scurvy

Answer 21

without Vit C, you cant produce procollagen, a precursor to collagen.
Poor wound healing - bleeding gums

Question 22

Tunica intima

Answer 22

Indistinct endothelial cells

Question 23

Tunica media

Answer 23

Elastin lamellae and smooth muscle, collagen and extracellular matrix

Question 24

Tunica adventitia

Answer 24

Collagen

Question 25

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 25

Brittle bone - Short stature - Blue sclera - Hearing loss - hypermobility - Poor teeth development
Mutated collagen fibres dont fit together perfectly.