10. Command and Control, CIMS, Emergency Management

Question 1

What is the purpose of Command and Control?

Answer 1

To provide a foundation from which our commanders can perform their duties, be agile in response, and have the freedom to respond to circumstances as they evolve. These principles are aimed at enabling our people to use their reasoned judgment and their operational experience to develop responses.

Question 2

Who generally has the responsibility to assume command?

Answer 2

The most senior officer either in rank or service. However, officers of a senior rank shouldn’t automatically assume the role, solely based on a rank but the most suitable or qualified member should assume command. ie a sergeant on a SAR squad may be better placed to command a missing person incident than an inspector with no SAR experience

Question 3

Describe the principle of delegation?

Answer 3

Centralisation of command but decentralised execution.

Question 4

Describe freedom of action

Answer 4

The extent to which a commander can carry on tasks in their field of operation. Commander subordinates must be permitted maximum freedom to take the initiative and exercise their S/K in the planning and conduct. Gives commander subordinates the confidence to apply their judgement in unanticipated and urgent situations

The extent of the commanders freedom to act is determined by any limitations set, constraints imposed or risk posed to responders and the community. they must be aware that there may be legal, financial, organisational, political and environmental considerations that impact on their decisions.

Question 5

Describe the characteristics of command and control

Answer 5

Unity of command and control
- there can only be one command or control structure at any one time. Commander/controller has the authority to control all police and other agency resources committed to the operation. All units must be aware of their immediate superiors, subordinates and interagency counterparts

Span of Command and Control
- limit to the number of people a commander can effectively command or manage. between 2-7 direct reports is recommended. A commander must be given sufficent capacity and capability within their span to execute the mission.

Continuity of Command and control
- must be sustainable. there must be mechanisms in place where the controller or commander can delegate tasks and have identifed replacements. Must be a process to ensure that operations are not disrupted or delayed during transfer of command. During planning phase, alternative Headquarters, contingency plans and a reserve capability are considered.

Obligations of command
- A commander has responsibility for community safety, the health and wellbeing of staff and the reputation of the NZ police. must ensure they have behaved lawfully, ethically and professionally and in line with our values. Commanders are accountable for decisions made and their consequences

Question 6

Describe command vs control

Answer 6

Control - “’ in control’” of the incident. they can only command staff within their own agency. They do not command other agencies staff, they control the response. Control acts horiontally across agencies.

Responsibility for coordinating and directing the response to an incident. sets priorities and objectives and determines how best to implement them. Includes authority to assign tasks to another agency and coordinate that agencies wider actions so that it integrates with the wider response.

Command - Operates vertically to one agency.
Internal ownership,responsibility and direction of an agencies personnel and resources.

Question 7

Describe tactical command

Answer 7

When police resources are applied directly within the community. Almost all policing occurs at tactical level.
Exercised by the likes of AOS or SAR commanders.
Functions include
- cordon
- Command of immediate situation and responses
- Command of all police resources in attendance
- Manage interagency cooperation.

Question 8

Describe operational command

Answer 8

exists when multiple tactical level activities occur or when the complexity of the situation requires a higher level of command.
Functions include
- command of overall incident or incidents
- taskings of specialist groups ( eg AOS)
- Command of resource distribution to roles
- Managing consequences of ongoing responses or event deployment.
- Interagency coordination at operational level.

Question 9

Describe strategic command

Answer 9

Required when the scope, consequence, community or political implications of an event require management.
Functions include
- Command of overall incident or incidents.
- Command multiple operational activities.
- Command community engagement
Command consequence management
Liasion with executive, government and media.

Question 10

What are the 4 operational responses for police

Answer 10

Steady state
- managing every day activities that police respond to.

Rising tide
-develop from steady state to become an emergency or major incident over a prolongued time period ie Widespread flooding from severe weather. Require careful consideration to ensure proper understanding and proportionate response is applied.

Spontaneous incident.
Has no warning to develop response or contingency plans. requires initial response, even though information may be incomplete. Initial response may be directed towards increasing the level of intelligence or understanding

Pre planned operations
- Where there is an opportunity and time to develop a plan and tactics. the amount of time of the advanced notice will vary due to the size and nature of the event. May be several hours for a search warrant to several months or years for a major sporting incident. Pre planned can develop into spontaneous incidents. The key distinction is time.

Question 11

What does AFCO stand for?

Answer 11

Aim ( can include commanders intent which is a clear, concise directive verbal or written which outlines the basic purpose of the operation)

Factors ( So what > therefor) should be documented, Can include community impact assessment

Courses of action- often will be more than once. course of action available to achieve the mission.

Outline Plan - Plan is usually in GSMEAC.

Question 12

What is the purpose of CIMS?

Answer 12

To enable personnel to respond effectively to incidents through appropriate coordination across functions and organisations, both horizontally and vertically by
-Establishing common structures, functions and terminology in a framework that is flexible, modular and scalable.
- Providing organisations with a framework that they can use to develop their own CIMS aligned processes and procedures that support both own-organisation responses and multi organisation interoperability.

Question 13

When do you apply CIMS?

Answer 13

all hazards and risks and should be used to provide effective management of a wide range of incidents ie
- biosecurity incursion incident
- Environmental damage incidents
- Fire incident
- Food safety incidents
- Hazard substance incidents
- Marine mammal strandings
- Mass maritime arrivals
- Missing person incidents ( SAR)
- natural hazard incidents
- Business continuity disruption
- communicable disease outbreak and pandemic
- Public disorder incident
- Public health and medical emergencu
- Transportation incident
- Technological failure.

Question 14

What are the CIMS principles

Answer 14

• Responsive to community needs / Urupare Ki Nga hiahia hapori
• Flexibility / Ngawaritanga
• Unity of effort / Mahi Ngatai

Question 15

Describe responsive to community needs

Answer 15

Any response should miitgate and manage consequences of an incident on the affected individuals, families/whanau and communities, including animals.
Response personnell must recognise an individuals rights, treat individuals with faireness and dignity and ensure the needs of affected people and animals are identified and met throughout the resposne and into recovery. Communities must be able to actively participate in a response rather than wait passively.

Question 16

Describe Flexibility

Answer 16

Allows CIMS to be modular and scalable and therefor applicable to incidents that vary widely in terms of scale/hazard or situational characteristics.

Question 17

Describe unity of effort

Answer 17

Ensures common objectives are met by coordinating response and recovery activities amongst the functions and organizations involved. Allows organizations with specific mandates to support eachother while maintaining their own authorities.

Question 18

What are the characteristics of CIMS

Answer 18

• Common structures, roles and responsibilities.
• Common terminology
• Interoperability
• Management by objectives

Question 19

How does incident management benefit by engaging Iwi/Maori in response and recovery?

Answer 19

• Strong networks
• access to community focal points ie Marae
• Ability to mobilise resources appropriately.
• understanding of Tikanga ( Marae protocol, burial practises)
• Able to identify and assess iwi needs
• Understanding of local landscape, including history and sacred sites
• an ability to link with other cultures

Question 20

Name and describe the 7 key functions of incident management

Answer 20

1- Control - coordinates and controls the response.
2- Intelligence - collects and analyses information and intelligence related to context, impact and consequences, also distributes intelligence output
3 - Planning - leads planning for response activities and resource needs
4- Operations - provides detailed directions, coordination and supervision of response elements on behalf of control function
5- Logistics. Provides personnel, equipment, supplies, facilities and services to support response activities.
6- PIM - public information management. develops and delivers messages to the public. directly and through the media and Liases with the community
7- Welfare - coordinates the delivery of emergency welfare services and resources to those effected.

Also
- Recovery
- Safety

these functions form the incident management team ( IMT)

Question 21

How does the IMT assist the controller?

Answer 21

Provides advice and specialist knowledge and managing the functions within the area of responsibility.

IMT can also include
- response manager
- technical experts with relevant knowledge
- health and safety advisors
- iwi rep

Question 22

What is a decision to scale a structure based on?

Answer 22

• Safety of response personnel, public and property
• Size and complexity of the incident, and the extent of response required
• Span of control

Question 23

Describe single agency, small incident response

Answer 23

Personnel and resources come from one agency, Command and control is simple.

Incident control point (ICP) May be a single vehicle.

Most senior responder first on the scene becomes forward commander/ incident controller and has responsibility for all CIMS functions required for response. If deemed appropriate it may be replaced later by a more senior, experienced or qualified officer.

As more personnel become available, Incident controller may delegate CIMS functions and establish an IMT, while usually retaining PIM (Public information management) and safety functions.

Functions may be combined.

Question 24

Describe Incident level: Multi agency

Answer 24

Management structure expands in relation to the scale and complexity of the response. Incident control likely to change from the most senior person on the scene to a more senior official or to the lead agency.
Incident controlled likely to delegate most or all functions.
Incident controller responsible for directing the overall response activities across all responding agencies. Includes tasking and coordinating other support agencies who action those tasks within their own command structure
Support agency representatives should be present at the ICP so their specialist knowledge is accessible. Also gives ICP capacity to deal with expanded scope and workload

Question 25

Describe Incident level : Major incident

Answer 25

When an incident level response becomes protracted/ large scale a full IMT may be required.
Response site may be divided into sectors, each with an assigned leader reporting to the incident controller who coordinates and directs from the ICP. Teams are assigned to the function managers as appropriate and functions may divide further into subfunctions.

More substantial or pre prepared response coordination facilities may be required, and rosters.

Scaling may occur.

Question 26

Describe a local, regional and national level incident

Answer 26

EOC ( Emergency operations centre) is established to coordinate multiagency or multi incident response between respective ICPs. EOC is activated
- where there are several incident level responses at different sites
- When off-site coordination and support are required
- To coordinate multi-agency or multi-incident responses.

Each site has an Incident controller , possibly with an IMT and assigned response elements, but these sites require coordination between them and potentially additional support.

Question 27

What does a local controller need to do when there is an EOC?

Answer 27

• define their command and control relationship with the incident controllers at each ICP where there is no pre existing agreement
• receive a detailed briefing from the Incident controller(s)
• Provide coordination between ICPs
• Inform ICPs of resources available
• Consider the allocation of resources across ICPs and response elements
• Ensure communications and support arrangements are activated and communicated across ICPS

Question 28

Describe Section 41(1)(j) and (k) of the National Civil Defence Emergency Management Plan 2015

Answer 28

New Zealand Police, among other emergency management functions the agency responsible to

“Coordinate inquiries to assist family, whanau and NOK make contact with eachother, and trace missing persons and notify their NOK””

Question 29

which agencies are required to plan for and support police to facilitate the enquiry process?

Answer 29

• National Emergency Management Agency CDEM group Local authority
• MOE
• Ministry of foreign affairs and trade
• Ministry of health, DHBs , Primary care, ambulance services.
• NZ red cross

Question 30

Define Emergency as per the CDEM Act 2002

Answer 30

A situation that -
a) is the result of any happening, whether natural or otherwise, including , without limitation, any explosion, earthquake, eruption, tsunami, land movement, flood, storm, tornado, cyclone, serious fire, leakage or spillage of any dangerous gas or substance, technological failure, infestation, plague , epidemic, failure of or disruption to an emergency service or a lifeline utility, or actual or imminent attack or warlike act; and
b) causes or may cause loss of life or injury or illness or distress or in any way endangers the safety of the public or property in NZ or any part of NZ; and
c) cannot be dealt with by emergency services, or otherwise requires a significant and coordinated response under this Act.

Question 31

Define Section 86 ( CDEM 2022)

Answer 31

If a state of Emergency is in force and , in the opinion of a Controller or any constable, the action authorised by this section is necessary for the preservation of human life, that person or person authorised by him or her may [direct] within the area or district in which the emergency is in force,
(a) - The evacuation of any premise or place, including any public place; or
(b) The exclusion of persons or vehicles from any premises or place, including any public place.

Question 32

Describe S87 CDEM 2022

Answer 32

If a state of emergency is in force in any area, a Controller or constable , may enter on, and if necessary, break into, any premises or place within the area or district in respect of which the state of Emergency is in force if he or she believes on reasonable grounds that the action is necessary for
(a) saving life, preventing injury, or rescuing and removing injured or endangered persons
(b) permitting or facilitating the carrying out of any urgent measure for the relief of suffering or distress.

Question 33

Describe S 88 CDEM Act 2002

Answer 33

If a state of emergency is in force a controller or constable or any person acting under the authority of a controller or constable, or any person so authorised in a relevant civil defence emergency management plan, may, in order to prevent or limit the extent of the emergency, totally or partially prohibit or restrict public access, with or without vehicles, to any road or public place within the area or district in respect of which the state of emergency is in force

Question 34

Describe S89 CDEM Act 2002

Answer 34

If a state of emergency is in force, a Controller or a constable, or any other person acting under the authority of a Controller or constable, may, in order to prevent or limit the extent of the emergency,-
(a) remove from any place within the area or district in respect of which the state of emergency is in force, any aircraft, hovercraft, ship or ferry or other vessel, train or vehicle impeding civil defence emergency management; and
(b) if reasonably necessary for that purpose, use force or break into the aircraft, hovercraft, ship or ferry or other vessel , train, or vehicle.

Question 35

Describe S90 CDEM Act 2002

Answer 35

(1) applies if a state of emergency is in force and, in the opinion of a Controller or a Constable, the action authorised by this section is necessary for the preservation of human life

(2) the controller or constable, or a person authorised by him or her, may direct the owner or person for the time being in control of any land, building, vehicle, animal, boat, apparatus, implement, earth-moving equiptment, construction materials or equiptment, furniture, bedding, food, medicines, medical supplies, or any other equiptment, materials, or supplies, to immediately place that property ( requisitioned property)-
(a) under his or her control and direction ; or
(b) under the control and direction of a Controller or a constable, or person authorised by that controller or constable, if that person has requested the person making the requisition to do so on his or her behalf.

(3) a person exercising any power conferred on him or her by this section must give the owner or person in charge of the requisitioned property a written statement specifying the property that is requisitioned and the person under whose control the property is to be placed.

(4) If the owner or person for the time being is in control of any property that may be requisitioned under this section cannot be immediately found, a controller or constable, may assume immediately the control and direction of the requesitioned property.

(5) If a person assumes the control and direction of requisitioned property under subsection (4) , that person must ensure that, as soon as is reasonably practical in the circumstances, a written statement specifying the property that has been requisitioned and the person under whose control it has been placed is given to the owner or person formerly in charge of the requisitioned property.

(6) the owner or person in control of any property immediately before it is requistioned under this section must provide the person exervising the power under this section with any assistance that the person may reasonably require for the effective and safe use of that property.

Question 36

Describe S91 CDEM Act 2002

Answer 36

(1) While a state of emergency is in force, a controller or constable , or any person acting under the authority of a controller or member of the police may
(a) direct any person to stop any activity that may cause or substantially contribute to an emergency :
(b) request any person either verbally or in writing to take any action to prevent or limit the extent of that emergency

(2) while a state of emergency is in force, a Controller or constable or any person acting under the authority of may direct
(a) the owner of a structure ( or the owners agent) to obtain an assessment of the effect of the emergency ( and any related subsequent events) on the structure:
(b) the owners of structures of a particular type ( or the owners’ agents ) to obtain assessments of the effect of the emergency ( and any related subsequent events) on the structures of that type that they own.

(3) A person may not give a direction under subsection (2) unless the person has had regard to whether the structure or type of structure may, in the circumstances, pose a risk of injury or a risk to the safety of life or the safety of other property

(4) A direction given under subsection(2) must -
(a) state the purpose of the assessment and specify the assessment that is required and
(b) specify a reasonable time within which the assessment must be concluded and
(c) require the owner ( or the owners agent) to give a copy of the assessment to the person who gave the direction

(5) an owner ( or owners agent) who is given a direction under subsection (2) must -
(a) obtain the assessment, which must be conducted in accordance with the direction and at the owners expense and
(b) give a copy of the assessment to the person who gave the direction.

(6) the Owner ( or the owners agent) may appeal to the district court on the grounds that the direction is unreasonable

(7) section 77(2) and (3) applies in relation to an appeal under subsection (6) with any necessary modifications and section 77(4) does not apply.

(8) any relief that may be granted under subsection (6) is limited to the reasonable costs associated with obtaining the assessment

Question 37

Describe S92 CDEM 2002

Answer 37

while a state of emergency is in force, a Controller or Constable or any person acting under the authority of may examine, mark, seize, sample, secure , disinfect or destroy any property, animal, or any other thing in order to prevent or limit the extent of the emergency.

Question 38

Describe S93 CDEM 2002

Answer 38

A person exercising a power conferred on him or her by this part must -
(a) have with him or her, and produce if requested to do so, evidence of his or her identity; and
(b) if requested to do so produce evidence of or give a general explanation of the authority under which he or she is acting and the power or powers he or she is exercising.

Question 39

Describe S95 and S98 offences in the CDEM Act 2002 and the penalty under S104

Answer 39

95 - A person commits an offence who intentionally fails to comply with a requirement in a civil defence emergeny management plan

98- A person commits an offence, who, during a State of emergency or transition period threatens, assaults or intentionally obstructs or hinders any person in that persons exercise or performance of a function, power, or duty under this act

106 - A person who commits an offence under this act is liable on conviction
a) in the case of an individual , to 3 months imprisonment and/or $5000 fine.
b) in the case of a body corporate, a fine not exceeding $50,00