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Biology > 10 - Classification and evolution > Flashcards

10 - Classification and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

classification systems - taxonomic

A

Kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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2
Q

why do scientist classify organisms

A
  • to identify species
  • to predict characteristics
  • to find evolutionary links
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3
Q

how are organisms classified?

A
  • begins by separating organism into the three domains archaea, bacteria and eukarya
  • s move down the groups there are fewer organisms in each, they become more similar and share more characteristics
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4
Q

species

A
  • contains only one type of organisms
  • a group or organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring
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5
Q

how to name organism

A

binomial nomenclature
Genus species

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6
Q

the five kingdoms

A
  • prokaryotae (bacteria)
  • Protoctista (unicellular eukaryotes)
  • Fungi (yeast, mould and mushrooms)
  • Plantae (the plants)
  • Animalie (the animals)
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7
Q

Prokaryotae

A
  • prokaryotes
  • unicellular
  • no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
  • small ribosomes - naked DNA
  • no visible feeding mechanism - nutrients absorbed through the cell wall or produced by PHS
  • Staphylococcus aureus
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8
Q

Protoctista

A
  • mainly unicellular
  • eukaryotes
  • a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
  • some chloroplasts
  • some are sessile, other move by cillia, flagella or by amoeboid mechanisms
  • nutrients acquired by PHS of by ingestion of other organisms
  • Amoeba and paramecium
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9
Q

Fungi

A
  • eukaryotes
  • uni or multicellular
  • a nucleus and membrane bound organelles and a cell wall made of chitin
  • no chloroplast or chlorophyll
  • no mechanism for locomotion
  • most have a body or mycelium made of threads of hyphae
  • nutrients acquired by absorption - mainly form decaying material (saprophytic)
  • store food as glycogen
  • mushrooms, mould and yeast
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10
Q

plantae

A
  • eukaryotes
  • multicellular
  • a nucleus and membrane bound organelles like chloroplasts and a cell wall made of cellulose
  • contains chlorophyll
  • most don’t move but gametes can by cillia or flagella
  • nutrients from PHS
    -store food as starch
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11
Q

Animalia

A
  • eukaryotes
  • multicellular
  • nucleus and membrane bound organelles
  • no cell wall
  • no chloroplast
  • move with cillia, flagella or contractile proteins
  • nutrients form ingestion
  • store food as glycogen
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12
Q

what is the Three Domain System

A
  • organisms are classified into 3 domains and 6 kingdoms based on differences in nucleotides in rRNA, membrane lipid structures and sensitivity to antibiotics
  • Eukarya, Archaea and bacteria

Domain -> kingdom
Bacteria - > eubacteria
Archaea -> archaebacteria
Eukarya -> protoctista, plantae, fungi and animalia

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13
Q

Eukarya

A
  • 80s ribosomes
  • RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins
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14
Q

archaea

A
  • 70s ribosomes
  • RNA polymerase have between 8 to 10 proteins and are similar to eukaryotic ribosome
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15
Q

Bacteria

A
  • 70s ribosomes
  • RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins
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16
Q

archaebacteria

A
  • can live in extreme environments
  • like hot thermal vent, anaerobic conditions and highly acidic conditions
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17
Q

Eubacteria

A

‘true bacteria’

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18
Q

phylogeny

A
  • evolutionary relationships
  • shows how related organisms are
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19
Q

evidence for evolution

A
  • palaeontology - study of fossils
  • comparative anatomy - study of similarities and differences between anatomy
  • comparative biochemistry- similarities and differences between the chemical makeup of organism
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20
Q

Fossils

A

formed when animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks
- over time sediment on the earths surfaces forms layers (strata) of rock
- different layers correspond to different geological era, so can show how organisms change over time

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21
Q

evidence provided by the fossil record

A
  • fossils of the simplest organisms like bacteria are found in the oldest rocks. More complex ones are found in recent rocks, SO simple life forms gradually evolved over a long time into something more complex
  • sequence in how organisms are found matches their ecological links to each other
  • similarities in anatomy of fossils show how closely related organisms have evolved from the same ancestor
22
Q

comparative anatomy

A

the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different living species

23
Q

Homologous structures

A
  • a structure that appears superficially different in different organism, it has the same underlying structure
  • they have evolved from a common ancestor and the structure has evolved from the same structures
  • it is evidence for divergent evolution
    -> how from a common ancestor, different species have evolved with a different set of features (adapting to different environment)
24
Q

comparative biochemistry

A
  • the study of similarities and differences between the proteins and other molecules that control life processes
  • they are highly conserved
    -main ones are cytochrome c and rRNA
  • can discover how closely two species are related by comparing the order of DNA bases in a gene for a protein
  • the number of differences are plotted against the rate the molecules undergoes neutral substitutions
    -more similar the more related
25
Q

variation

A

differences in the characteristics between organisms

26
Q

interspecific variation

A

variation between members of different species

27
Q

intraspecific variation

A

variation between members of the same species

28
Q

factors of variation

A
  • genetic variation - differences in genetic material
  • environmental variation
29
Q

causes of genetic variation

A
  • Alleles
  • Mutations
  • Meiosis
  • sexual reproduction
  • chance
30
Q

Alleles - causes of genetic variation

A
  • genes have different alleles (alternative forms)
  • different alleles form different effects
  • depending on the parental combination, different characteristic of the offspring happen
  • individuals in a species population may inherit different alleles of a gene
31
Q

Mutations - causes of genetic variation

A
  • changes in DNA sequences changes the proteins coded for
  • this can change the physical and metabolic characteristic
  • if a mutation is in a somatic cell it only affects the individual
  • if it is in the gamete it is passed to offspring
32
Q

Meiosis - causes of genetic variation

A

genetic material inherited from the parents is mixed up by independent assortment and crossing over
- leading to the gametes showing variation

33
Q

sexual reproduction - causes of genetic variation

A
  • offspring inherit genes from two parents, each individual produced differs from the parents
34
Q

Chance - causes of genetic variation

A
  • many different produced from the parents genome
  • it is a result of chance as to which two gametes combine
35
Q

discontinuous variation

A
  • characteristic can only result in a certain value
  • no in between values
  • variation determined purely by genetic factors is discontinuous
  • use a bar chart or pie chart
36
Q

continuous variation

A
  • can take any value within a range
  • height and mass
  • characteristic are controlled by many genes and influenced by the environment
  • frequency table and histogram
37
Q

normal distribution curve

A
  • when continuous variation data is plotted it is bell shaped
  • mean=median=mode
  • bell shaped, symmetrical about the mean
  • 50% of the values are less than and more than the mean
  • most values lie close to the mean
38
Q

standard deviation

A

measures how spread out the data is

39
Q

students t-test

A

compare the means of data values of two populations

40
Q

spearman’s rank correlation coefficient

A

used to consider relationships between two sets of data
- no correlation = 0
- positive = +1
- negative =-1

41
Q

adaptations

A

are characteristic that increase a organisms chance of survival and reproduction in its environment
- anatomical - physical
- behavioural - how they act
- physiological - processes in the organisms

42
Q

anatomical adaptations

A
  • body coverings
  • camouflage
  • teeth
  • mimicry
43
Q

Behavioural adaptations

A
  • survival behaviours
  • courtship
  • seasonal behaviours- migration, hibernation

can fall in to two categories
- innate - inherited through genes
- learned - adaptations learnt from observing other animals

44
Q

physiological adaptations

A
  • poison production
  • antibiotics
  • water holding
45
Q

analogous structures

A

structures that have adapted to perform the same function but have different genetic origin

46
Q

what does analogous structures provide evidence for

A

convergent evolutions
-> when unrelated species begin to share similar traits
-organisms have adapted to similar environments or selection pressures

47
Q

selection pressure

A

factors that affect the organisms chances of survival or reproductive success

48
Q

natural selection overview

A
  • organism that are best adapted to the environment are more likely to survives and reproduce then those who are poorly adapted
  • these adaptations become more common as the characteristics are passed on to the next generation
49
Q

natural selection steps

A
  • organisms in a species show variation in their characteristics caused by differences in their genes
  • organisms whose characteristic is best adapted to a selection pressure like competition have an increased chance of surviving and successfully reproduced. well less adapted ones die or fails to reproduce
  • successful organisms pass the allele encoding the advantageous characteristic onto their offspring. organisms that possess the non-advantageous allele are less likely to successfully pass it on
  • this process is repeated over generation. Over time the proportion of individuals with the advantageous adaptation increases. So the frequency of the allele increases in the populations gene pool
  • over a long time this process can lead to the evolution of a new species
50
Q

modern examples of evolution

A
  • antibiotic resistant bacteria
  • peppered moths
  • sheep blowflies
    flavobacterium
51
Q

antibiotic resistant bacteria - modern examples of evolution

A
  • bacteria reproduce very fast and can evolve in a sort time. when they replicate, DNA can be altered and some mutations can provide resistances the biotics
  • when exposed to the antibiotics, they survives and reproduces, passing on the advantageous allele - eventually becoming the main characteristic.
52
Q
A

Biology (24 decks)

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