10/21/24

Question 1

Stratigraphy

Answer 1

A branch of geology concerned with order and relative position of strata and their relationships the geological time scale

In an undeformed sequence of rock layers, the oldest layer is at the bottom and they youngest layers is at the top

Question 2

Mechanical

Answer 2

Mechanical Solidarity: shared values, beliefs and lifestyles

Question 3

Organical

Answer 3

Organically Solidarity: internal differentiation, people can do different things

Question 4

Egalitarian: (Bands)

Answer 4

Horizontal line
Everyone in that society has equal access
Kin based:Birth, Marriage, Adoption.
Little personal wealth
Simplified foo accumulation/production
Sharing and even distribution of goods
Economic bartering( barter system)
Low population density
Resources are distributed based on need

Question 5

Trans - egalitarian (tribes, segmentary societies)

Answer 5

Circle: with little circle in it some are bigger some are smaller
Vertical line
Ranked (chiefdoms)
Kin based
Wealth, power and prestige is hereditary centralized leadership also is hereditary

Question 6

Stratigraphy: Diamond and triangle

Answer 6

Class based
Surplus of goods
Differences between wealth and power and prestige
Market based economy
Settlement hierarchy (rural, urban,suburban)
Bureautic political system
Codified legal system
Institutionalized religion

Question 7

Enviromenta - 1 Archaeology

Answer 7

Soils, sediments
Faunal
Floral
Chronomentery

Question 8

Archaeo-botony (macrobotanical remains)

Answer 8

Seeds
Plants residues
Wood

Question 9

Quartering

Answer 9

holocene (interglacial) tens of thousands of year, the warm period
Pleistocene (glacial) Ice age

Question 10

The Eastern Woodlands

Answer 10

Among the world’s most productive ecosystem in its native state
Deciduous Forests
Seasonal Climates
Widespread shifts in forests composition and the the abundance and distribution of plant

Question 11

Ethnohistoric Analogy

Answer 11

The study of ethnographic cultures and costumes through historical

Question 12

Residues

Answer 12

Fatty acids (Lipids)
Plants
Animal fats
Legumes (beans)

Question 13

Phytoliths (fossil silica)

Answer 13

Grains
Legumes (Groundnut)
Tree leaves (hickory,oak)

Question 14

Starch Grains

Answer 14

Tubers (Sunchoke, Camissia)
Rice

Question 15

Palynology

Answer 15

The study of pollen grains and spores from geologic context or sediments
Can help reconstruct forest composition
Can contribute to paleo-climatology
Can help reconstruct environmental or cultural

Question 16

Agriculture Cities

Answer 16

Holocene(Mesolithic) + Neolithic
Tech innovation, workspace shift
Crowd diseases

Question 17

Domestication:genetic alterations brought about by human activities

Answer 17

Human (artificial) selection visibly and irreversibly creates genetic alteration

Reproduction of the species is controlled by humans with an effort toward retaining useful traits

Question 18

Crowd Disease

Answer 18

Def:
infectious disease that evolved form disease of animals, but are now mosly confined to humans

Ex:
Measels
Tuberculosis
Flu
Smallpox
Malaria

Question 19

socio Economic Stratification

Answer 19

• Ruler
• Priests
• Crafts people
• Farmer

Question 20

Planned Cities

Answer 20

Government Bureaucracy

Monumental Architecture

Question 21

Construction Cost

Answer 21

• Tribute
• Paid Labor
  -Labor trade for food “Surpluses”

Question 22

American Antiquities Act (1906) enacted by Theodore Roosevelt

Answer 22

Prohibit damage to ruins / monuments on federal lands (i.e parks etc)

Establishes presidential authority to establish national landmark

Permits granted to conduct archeology on federal lands only to qualified institution

Question 23

National Historic Preservation Act 1996

Answer 23

Requires archaeology in federal lands and or with projects using federal funds or requiring federal permits

Question 24

National Environmental Policy Act (1969)

Answer 24

Require federal agencies to consider the environmental impacts of their proposed action and reasonable alternatives to those actions

Question 25

Down the line:

Answer 25

A commodity is passed from one group to another successively further and further from the source. The quantity of the item will decrease further from its source. The more valued the item, the further from its source it will reach.

Question 26

Directional Exchange:

Answer 26

a complex exchange model that involves a highly organized and non -homogeneous system of trade where sites with a higher frequency of finds are preferentially supplied. This model is different from the down-the-line trade model, which implies that every site in an exchange network plays the same role.

Question 27

Gateways

Answer 27

ports, airports, or other transportation hubs that are key locations for the movement of goods across regions or countries. They are where cargo is transferred between different transport providers or where customs clearance takes place.